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作者:一意孤行      更新:2021-10-16 18:41      字数:9322
  PROPOSED ROADS TO FREEDOM
  PROPOSED ROADS TO
  FREEDOM
  BY BERTRAND RUSSELL; F。R。S。
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  PROPOSED ROADS TO FREEDOM
  INTRODUCTION
  THE   attempt   to   conceive   imaginatively   a   better   ordering   of   human
  society than the destructive and cruel chaos in which mankind has hitherto
  existed    is   by   no  means   modern:   it    is   at   least   as  old  as   Plato;  whose
  ‘‘Republic''   set   the   model   for   the   Utopias   of   subsequent   philosophers。
  Whoever contemplates the world in the light of an idealwhether what he
  seeks be intellect; or art; or love; or simple happiness; or all togethermust
  feel a great sorrow in the evils that men needlessly allow to continue; and…
  …if he be a man of force and vital energyan urgent desire to lead men to
  the   realization   of   the   good   which   inspires   his   creative   vision。   It   is   this
  desire which has been the primary force moving the pioneers of Socialism
  and Anarchism; as it moved the inventors of ideal commonwealths in the
  past。 In this there is nothing new。 What is new in Socialism and Anarchism;
  is that close relation of the ideal to the present sufferings of men; which
  has   enabled   powerful   political   movements   to   grow   out   of   the   hopes   of
  solitary thinkers。 It is this that makes Socialism and Anarchism important;
  and it is this that makes them dangerous to those who batten; consciously
  or unconsciously upon the evils of our present order of society。
  The great majority of men and women; in ordinary times; pass through
  life without ever contemplating or criticising; as a whole; either their own
  conditions or those of the world at large。 They find themselves born into a
  certain    place   in  society;   and   they   accept    what   each   day   brings    forth;
  without any effort of thought beyond what the immediate present requires。
  Almost as instinctively as the beasts of the field; they seek the satisfaction
  of   the   needs   of   the  moment;      without    much    forethought;     and   without
  considering   that   by   sufficient   effort   the   whole   conditions   of   their   lives
  could   be   changed。   A   certain   percentage;   guided   by   personal   ambition;
  make the effort of thought and will which is necessary to place themselves
  among      the   more   fortunate    members      of  the   community;      but   very   few
  among      these   are  seriously   concerned      to  secure    for  all  the  advantages
  which they seek for themselves。 It is only a few rare and exceptional men
  who   have   that   kind   of   love   toward   mankind   at   large   that   makes   them
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  unable      to   endure     patiently    the   general     mass     of  evil   and    suffering;
  regardless of any relation it may have to their own lives。 These few; driven
  by sympathetic pain; will seek; first in thought and then in action; for some
  way   of   escape;   some   new   system   of   society   by   which   life   may   become
  richer;   more   full   of   joy   and   less   full   of   preventable   evils   than   it   is   at
  present。 But in the past such men have; as a rule; failed to interest the very
  victims      of   the   injustices    which     they    wished      to  remedy。      The    more
  unfortunate sections of the population have been ignorant; apathetic from
  excess   of   toil   and   weariness;   timorous   through   the   imminent   danger   of
  immediate   punishment   by   the   holders   of   power;   and   morally   unreliable
  owing to the loss of self…respect resulting from their degradation。 To create
  among       such     classes    any     conscious;      deliberate     effort    after   general
  amelioration might have seemed a hopeless task; and indeed in the past it
  has    generally     proved     so。   But   the   modern      world;    by    the  increase     of
  education and the rise in the standard of comfort among wage…earners; has
  produced new conditions; more favorable than ever before to the demand
  for   radical   reconstruction。   It   is   above   all   the   Socialists;   and   in   a   lesser
  degree the Anarchists (chiefly as the inspirers of Syndicalism); who have
  become the exponents of this demand。
  What   is   perhaps   most   remarkable   in   regard   to   both   Socialism   and
  Anarchism   is   the   association   of   a   widespread   popular   movement   with
  ideals   for   a   better   world。   The   ideals   have   been   elaborated;   in   the   first
  instance;   by   solitary   writers   of   books;   and   yet   powerful   sections   of   the
  wage…earning   classes   have   accepted   them   as   their   guide   in   the   practical
  affairs of the world。 In regard to Socialism this is evident; but in regard to
  Anarchism it is only true with some qualification。 Anarchism as such has
  never     been    a   widespread      creed;    it  is  only    in  the   modified      form    of
  Syndicalism         that   it  has    achieved      popularity。     Unlike     Socialism      and
  Anarchism; Syndicalism is primarily the outcome; not of an idea; but of an
  organization:   the   fact   of   Trade   Union   organization   came   first;   and   the
  ideas     of   Syndicalism        are   those    which      seemed      appropriate      to   this
  organization   in   the  opinion   of   the   more   advanced   French Trade   Unions。
  But the ideas are; in the main; derived from Anarchism; and the men who
  gained acceptance for them were; for the most part; Anarchists。 Thus we
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  may regard Syndicalism as the Anarchism of the market…place as opposed
  to the Anarchism of isolated individuals which had preserved a precarious
  life   throughout       the   previous     decades。     Taking     this   view;    we    find   in
  Anarchist…Syndicalism the same combination of ideal and organization as
  we   find   in   Socialist   political   parties。   It   is   from   this   standpoint   that   our
  study of these movements will be undertaken。
  Socialism   and Anarchism;   in   their   modern   form;   spring   respectively
  from  two   protagonists;  Marx   and   Bakunin;  who   fought   a lifelong   battle;
  culminating in a split in the first International。 We shall begin our study
  with these two menfirst their teaching; and then the organizations which
  they founded or inspired。 This will lead us to the spread of Socialism in
  more   recent   years;   and   thence   to   the   Syndicalist   revolt   against   Socialist
  emphasis       on   the  State    and   political   action;    and   to  certain    movements
  outside France which have some affinity with Syndicalism notably the I。
  W。  W。   in America   and   Guild   Socialism  in   England。   From  this   historical
  survey   we   shall   pass   to   the   consideration   of   some   of   the   more   pressing
  problems of the future; and shall try to decide in what respects the world
  would be happier if the aims of Socialists or Syndicalists were achieved。
  My  own   opinionwhich   I   may  as   well   indicate   at   the   outsetis   that
  pure Anarchism; though it should be the ultimate ideal; to which society
  should continually approximate; is for the present impossible; and would
  not   survive   more   than   a   year   or   two   at   most   if   it   were   adopted。   On   the
  other   hand;   both   Marxian   Socialism   and   Syndicalism;   in   spite   of   many
  drawbacks;   seem   to   me   calculated   to   give   rise   to   a   happier   and   better
  world than that in which we live。 I do not; however; regard either of them
  as the best practicable system。 Marxian Socialism; I fear; would give far
  too much power to the State; while Syndicalism; which aims at abolishing
  the    State;   would;    I  believe;    find   itself  forced    to   reconstruct     a  central
  authority   in   order   to   put   an   end   to   the   rivalries   of   different   groups   of
  producers。   The   BEST   practicable   system;   to   my   mind;   is   that   of   Guild
  Socialism;   which   concedes   what   is   valid   both   in   the   claims   of   the   State
  Socialists and in the Syndicalist fear of the State; by adopting a system of
  federalism       among       trades    for    reasons     similar     to   those    which      are
  recommending           federalism       among      nations。     The     grounds       for   these
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