the　shape　of　a　bridge；　under　which　they　put　wheels；　and　so　propelled
  it；　some　standing　on　the　top；　and　fighting　as　they　would　from　an
  earth…work；　others　concealing　themselves　within　and　undermining　the
  walls。　But　the　stones　thrown　by　the　catapults　prostrated　the
  ill…constructed　fabric；　and　when　they　set　themselves　to　prepare
  hurdles　and　mantlets；　burning　spears　were　thrown　on　them　by　the
  engines；　fire　being　thus　actually　used　against　the　assailants。　At
  last；　despairing　of　success　by　force；　they　changed　their　plans；　and
  resolved　to　wait；　for　they　were　well　aware　that　only　a　few　days'
  provisions　were　in　the　camp；　and　that　there　was　a　great　crowd　on
  non…combatants；　and　they　counted　at　the　same　time　on　the　treachery
  that　might　follow　on　scarcity；　on　the　wavering　fidelity　of　the　slaves；
  and　on　the　chances　of　war。
  Meanwhile　Flaccus；　who　had　heard　of　the　siege　of　the　camp；　and　had
  sent　into　all　parts　of　Gaul　to　collect　auxiliaries；　put　under
  command　of　Dillius　Vocula；　legate　of　the　18th　legion；　some　troops
  picked　from　the　legions　with　orders　to　hasten　by　forced　marches
  along　the　banks　of　the　Rhine。　Flaccus　himself；　who　was　weak　in
  health　and　disliked　by　his　troops；　travelled　with　the　fleet。　The
  troops　indeed　complained　in　unmistakable　language　that　their　general
  had　despatched　the　Batavian　cohorts　from　Mogontiacum；　had　feigned
  ignorance　of　the　plans　of　Civilis；　and　was　inviting　the　German
  tribes　to　join　the　league。　〃This；〃　they　said；　〃has　strengthened
  Vespasian　no　less　than　the　exertions　of　Primus　Antonius　and
  Mucianus。　Declared　enmity　and　hostility　may　be　openly　repulsed；　but
  treachery　and　fraud　work　in　darkness；　and　so　cannot　be　avoided。
  Civilis　stands　in　arms　against　us；　and　arranges　the　order　of　his
  battle；　Hordeonius　from　his　chamber　or　his　litter　gives　such　orders　as
  may　best　serve　the　enemy。　The　swords　of　thousands　of　brave　men　are
  directed　by　one　old　man's　sick　caprice。　How　much　better　by　slaying　the
  traitor；　to　set　free　our　valour　and　our　fortune　from　these　evil
  auspices！〃　The　passions　already　kindled　by　the　language　which　they
  thus　held　among　themselves　were　yet　more　inflamed　by　a　despatch　from
  Vespasian；　which　Flaccus；　finding　that　it　could　not　be　concealed；　read
  before　an　assembly　of　the　troops；　sending　the　persons　who　had
  brought　it　in　chains　to　Vitellius。
  With　feelings　somewhat　appeased；　they　arrived　at　Bonna；　the
  winter…camp　of　the　first　legion。　The　troops　there　were　even　more
  enraged　against　Hordeonius；　and　laid　on　him　the　blame　of　the　late
  disaster。　They　said　that　it　was　by　his　orders　that　they　had　offered
  battle　to　the　Batavians；　supposing　that　the　legions　from　Mogontiacum
  were　following　them；　that　it　was　through　his　treachery　that　they　had
  been　slaughtered；　no　reinforcements　coming　up；　that　all　these　events
  were　unknown　to　the　other　legions；　and　were　not　told　to　their　Emperor；
  though　the　sudden　outburst　of　treason　might　have　been　crushed　by　the
  prompt　action　of　so　many　provinces。　Hordeonius　read　to　the　army　copies
  of　all　the　letters　which　he　had　sent　about　Gaul；　begging　for
  reinforcements；　and　established　as　a　precedent　a　most　disgraceful
  practice；　namely；　the　handing　over　the　despatches　to　the
  standard…bearers　of　the　legions；　through　whose　means　they　were　read　by
  the　soldiers　sooner　than　by　the　generals。　He　then　ordered　one　of　the
  mutineers　to　be　put　in　irons；　more　for　the　sake　of　asserting　his
  authority　than　because　any　one　man　was　in　fault。　The　army　was　then
  moved　from　Bonna　to　the　Colonia　Agrippinensis；　while　auxiliaries
  from　Gaul　continued　to　flow　in；　for　at　first　that　nation　zealously
  supported　the　cause　of　Rome。　Soon　indeed　as　the　Germans　increased　in
  power；　many　of　the　states　took　up　arms　against　us；　moved　by　the　hope
  of　freedom　and；　could　they　once　shake　off　the　yoke；　even　by　the　lust
  of　empire。　The　irritation　of　the　legions　still　increased；　nor　had
  the　imprisonment　of　a　single　soldier　struck　them　with　terror。　This
  fellow　indeed　actually　charged　the　general　with　complicity；　he　had；　he
  said；　acted　as　a　messenger　between　Civilis　and　Flaccus；　and　because　he
  might　tell　the　truth　he　was　now　being　crushed　under　a　false　charge。
  With　wonderful　firmness　Vocula　ascended　the　tribunal；　and　ordered
  the　man；　who　had　been　seized　by　the　lictors；　and　was　loudly
  remonstrating；　to　be　led　off　to　execution。　All　the　best　men　acquiesced
  in　the　order；　while　the　ill…affected　were　struck　with　terror。　Then；　as
  all　with　common　consent　demanded　that　Vocula　should　be　their
  general；　Hordeonius　handed　over　to　him　the　supreme　command。
  But　there　were　many　things　to　exasperate　the　already　divided
  feelings　of　the　soldiery。　Pay　and　provisions　were　scanty；　Gaul　was
  rebelling　against　conscription　and　taxes；　while　the　Rhine；　owing　to
  a　drought　unexampled　in　that　climate；　would　hardly　admit　of
  navigation；　and　thus　supplies　were　straitened　at　the　same　time　that
  outposts　had　to　be　established　along　the　entire　bank　to　keep　the
  Germans　from　fording　the　stream；　the　self…same　cause　thus　bringing
  about　a　smaller　supply　of　grain　and　a　greater　number　of　consumers。
  Among　ignorant　persons　the　very　failure　of　the　stream　was　regarded
  as　a　prodigy；　as　if　the　very　rivers；　the　old　defences　of　the　Empire；
  were　deserting　us。　What；　in　peace；　would　have　seemed　chance　or　nature；
  was　now　spoken　of　as　destiny　and　the　anger　of　heaven。　As　the　army
  entered　Novesium　the　sixteenth　legion　joined　it；　Herennius　Gallus；　its
  legate；　was　associated　with　Vocula　in　the　responsibilities　of　command。
  As　they　did　not　venture　to　advance　upon　the　enemy；　they　constructed
  a　camp　at　a　place　called　Gelduba。　Here　the　generals　sought　to　give
  steadiness　to　the　troops　by　such　exercises　as　forming　in　order　of
  battle；　constructing　fortifications；　making　entrenchments；　and
  whatever　else　might　train　them　for　war。　In　the　hope　that　they　might　be
  fired　to　courage　by　the　delights　of　plunder；　Vocula　led　the　army
  against　the　nearest　villages　of　the　Gugerni；　who　had　accepted　the
  alliance　of　Civilis。　Some　of　the　troops　remained　permanently　with
  Herennius　Gallus。
  One　day　it　happened　that　at　no　great　distance　from　the　camp　the
  Germans　were　endeavouring　to　drag　off　to　their　own　bank　a　vessel　laden
  with　corn；　which　had　run　aground　in　the　shallows。　Gallus　could　not
  endure　this；　and　sent　a　cohort　to　help。　The　numbers　of　the　Germans
  also　increased；　as　fresh　troops　continued　to　join　both　sides；　a
  regular　battle　ensued。　The　Germans；　besides　inflicting　great　loss　on
  our　men；　carried　off　the　vessel。　The　vanquished　troops；　following　what
  had　become　a　regular　practice；　laid　the　blame　not　on　their　own
  cowardice；　but　on　supposed　treachery　in　the　legate。　Dragged　out　of　his
  tent；　his　garments　torn；　and　his　person　severely　beaten；　he　was
  commanded　to　declare　for　what　bribe　and　with　what　accomplices　he　had
  betrayed　the　army。　Their　old　hatred　of　Hordeonius　reappeared。　He；　they
  declared；　was　the　instigator　of　the　crime；　Gallus　his　tool。　At　last；
  utterly　terrified　by　their　threats　of　instant　death；　the　legate
  himself　charged　Hordeonius　with　treachery。　He　was　then　put　in　irons；
  and　only　released　on　the　arrival　of　Vocula；　who　the　next　day　inflicted
  capital　punishment　on　the　ringleaders　of　the　mutiny；　such　wide
  extremes　of　license　and　of　subordination　were　to　be　found　in　that
  army。　The　common　soldiers　were　undoubtedly　loyal　to　Vitellius；　but　all
  the　most　distinguished　men　were　in　favour　of　Vespasian。　The　result　was
  an　alternation　of　outbreaks　and　executions；　and　a　strange　mixture　of
  obedience　and　frenzy；　which　made　it　impossible　to　restrain　the　men
  whom　it　was　yet　possible　to　punish。
  Meanwhile　all　Germany　was　raising　the　power　of　Civilis　by　vast
  additions　of　strength；　and　the　alliance　was　secured　by　hostages　of　the
  noblest　rank。　He　directed　that　the　territories　of　the　Ubii　and　the
  Treveri　should　be　ravaged　by　the　several　tribes　on　which　they
  bordered；　and　that　another　detachment　should　cross　the　river　Mosa；
  to　threaten　the　Menapii　and　the　Morini　and　the　frontiers　of　Gaul。　In
  both　quarters　plunder　was　collected；　with　peculiar　hostility　in　the
  case　of　the　Ubii；　because；　this　nation；　being　of　German　origin；　had
  forsworn　its　native　country；　and　assumed　the　Roman　name　of　the
  Agrippinenses。　Their　cohorts　were　cut　up　at　the　village　of　Marcodurum；
  where　they　lay　in　careless　security；　presuming　on　their　distance
  from　the　river…bank。　The　Ubii　did　not　remain　quiet；　but　made　predatory
  excursions　into　Germany；　escaping　at　first　with　impunity；　though
  they　were　afterwards　cut　off。　Throughout　the　whole　of　this　war；　they
  were　more　loyal　than　fortunate。　Civilis；　grown　more　formidable　now
  that　the　Ubii　had　been　crushed；　and　elated　by　the　success　of　his
  operations；　pressed　on　the　siege　of　the　legions；　keepin