undermined　by　luxury；　a　luxury　that　transgressed　our　ancient
  discipline　and　the　customs　of　our　ancestors；　in　whose　days　the　power
  of　Rome　found　a　surer　foundation　in　valour　than　in　wealth。
  Vitellius　then　directed　his　course　to　Cremona；　and　after
  witnessing　the　spectacle　exhibited　by　Caecina；　he　conceived　a　desire
  to　visit　the　plains　of　Bedriacum　and　to　survey　the　scene　of　the　recent
  victory。　It　was　a　hideous　and　terrible　sight。　Not　forty　days　had
  passed　since　the　battle；　and　there　lay　mangled　corpses；　severed　limbs；
  the　putrefying　forms　of　men　and　horses；　the　soil　was　saturated　with
  gore；　and；　what　with　levelled　trees　and　crops；　horrible　was　the
  desolation。　Not　less　revolting　was　that　portion　of　the　road　which
  the　people　of　Cremona　had　strewed　with　laurel　leaves　and　roses；　and　on
  which　they　had　raised　altars；　and　sacrificed　victims　as　if　to　greet
  some　barbarous　despot；　festivities　in　which　they　delighted　for　the
  moment；　but　which　were　afterwards　to　work　their　ruin。　Valens　and
  Caecina　were　present；　and　pointed　out　the　various　localities　of　the
  field　of　battle；　shewing　how　from　one　point　the　columns　of　the　legions
  had　rushed　to　the　attack；　how　from　another　the　cavalry　had　charged；
  how　from　a　third　the　auxiliary　troops　had　turned　the　flank　of　the
  enemy。　The　tribunes　and　prefects　extolled　their　individual
  achievements；　and　mixed　together　fictions；　facts；　and　exaggerations。
  The　common　soldiers　also　turned　aside　from　the　line　of　march　with
  joyful　shouts；　and　recognized　the　various　scenes　of　conflict；　and
  gazed　with　wonder　on　the　piles　of　weapons　and　the　heaps　of　slain。　Some
  indeed　there　were　whom　all　this　moved　to　thoughts　of　the　mutability　of
  fortune；　to　pity；　and　to　tears。　Vitellius　did　not　turn　away　his
  eyes；　did　not　shudder　to　behold　the　unburied　corpses　of　so　many
  thousands　of　his　countrymen；　nay；　in　his　exultation；　in　his
  ignorance　of　the　doom　which　was　so　close　upon　himself；　he　actually
  instituted　a　religious　ceremony　in　honour　of　the　tutelary　gods　of
  the　place。
  A　show　of　gladiators　was　then　given　by　Fabius　Valens　at　Bononia；
  with　all　the　arrangements　introduced　from　the　capital。　The　nearer
  the　Emperor　approached　to　Rome；　the　greater　was　the　license　of　his
  march；　accompanied　as　it　was　by　players　and　herds　of　eunuchs；　in
  fact　by　all　that　had　characterised　the　court　of　Nero。　Indeed；
  Vitellius　used　to　make　a　display　of　his　admiration　for　Nero；　and　had
  constantly　followed　him　when　he　sang；　not　from　the　compulsion　to　which
  the　noblest　had　to　yield；　but　because　he　was　the　slave　and　chattel
  of　profligacy　and　gluttony。　To　leave　some　months　of　office　open　for
  Valens　and　Caecina；　the　consulates　of　others　were　abridged；　that　of
  Martius　Macer　was　ignored　on　the　ground　of　his　having　been　one　of
  Otho's　generals。　Valerius　Maximus；　who　had　been　nominated　consul　by
  Galba；　had　his　dignity　deferred　for　no　offence；　but　because　he　was　a
  man　of　gentle　temper；　and　could　submit　tamely　to　an　affront。
  Pedanius　Costa　was　passed　over。　The　Emperor　disliked　him　because　he
  had　risen　against　Nero；　and　roused　Verginius　to　revolt。　Other　reasons；
  however；　were　alleged。　Finally；　after　the　servile　fashion　of　the　time；
  thanks　were　voted　to　Vitellius。
  A　deception；　which　was　started　with　considerable　vigour；　lasted
  for　a　few；　and　but　a　few　days。　There　had　suddenly　sprung　up　a　man；　who
  gave　out　that　he　was　Scribonianus　Camerinus；　that；　dreading　the
  times　of　Nero；　he　had　concealed　himself　in　Histria；　where　the　old
  family　of　the　Crassi　still　had　dependants；　estates；　and　a　popular
  name。　He　admitted　into　the　secret　of　his　imposture　all　the　most
  worthless　of　his　followers；　and　the　credulous　populace　and　some　of　the
  soldiers；　either　from　not　knowing　the　truth；　or　impatient　for
  revolution；　began　eagerly　to　rally　round　him。　When　he　was　brought
  before　Vitellius；　and　asked　who　he　was；　as　his　account　of　himself
  could　not　be　trusted；；　and　his　master　recognised　him　as　a　runaway
  slave；　by　name　Geta；　he　was　executed　as　slaves　usually　are。
  It　would　almost　pass　belief；　were　I　to　tell　to　what　a　degree　the
  insolence　and　sloth　of　Vitellius　grew　upon　him　when　messengers　from
  Syria　and　Judaea　brought　the　news　that　the　provinces　of　the　East　had
  sworn　allegiance　to　him。　Though　as　yet　all　information　was　but　vague
  and　uncertain；　Vespasian　was　the　subject　of　much　talk　and　rumour；
  and　at　the　mention　of　his　name　Vitellius　often　roused　himself。　But
  now；　both　the　Emperor　and　the　army；　as　if　they　had　no　rival　to　fear；
  indulging　in　cruelty；　lust；　and　rapine；　plunged　into　all　the　licence
  of　foreign　manners。
  Vespasian；　on　the　other　hand；　was　taking　a　general　survey　of　the
  chances　of　a　campaign　and　of　his　resources　both　immediate　and
  remote。　The　soldiers　were　so　entirely　devoted　to　him；　that　as　he
  dictated　the　oath　of　allegiance　and　prayed　for　all　prosperity　to
  Vitellius；　they　listened　to　him　in　silence。　Mucianus　had　no　dislike　to
  Vespasian；　and　was　strongly　inclined　towards　Titus。　Already　had
  Alexander；　the　governor　of　Egypt；　declared　his　adhesion。　The　third
  legion；　as　it　had　passed　over　from　Syria　to　Moesia；　Vespasian
  counted　upon　as　devoted　to　himself；　and　it　was　hoped　that　the　other
  legions　of　Illyricum　would　follow　its　example。　In　fact　the　whole
  army　had　been　kindled　into　indignation　by　the　insolence　of　the
  soldiers　who　came　among　them　from　Vitellius。　Savage　in　appearance；　and
  speaking　a　rude　dialect；　they　ridiculed　everybody　else　as　their
  inferiors。　But　in　such　gigantic　preparations　for　war　there　is
  usually　delay。　Vespasian　was　at　one　moment　high　in　hope；　and　at
  another　disposed　to　reflect　on　the　chances　of　failure。　What　a　day
  would　that　be　when　he　should　expose　himself　with　his　sixty　years
  upon　him；　and　the　two　young　men；　his　sons；　to　the　perils　of　war！　In
  private　enterprises　men　may　advance　or　recede；　and　presume　more　or
  less　upon　fortune　as　they　may　choose；　whereas　they　who　aim　at　empire
  have　no　alternative　between　the　highest　success　and　utter　downfall。
  The　strength　of　the　army　of　Germany；　with　which　as　a　military　man　he
  was　well　acquainted；　was　continually　before　his　eyes。　He　reflected
  that　his　own　legions　were　wholly　without　experience　of　a　civil　war；
  that　those　of　Vitellius　had　been　victorious；　and　that　among　the
  conquered　there　was　more　dissatisfaction　than　real　strength。　Civil
  strife　had　shaken　the　fidelity　of　the　Roman　soldiery；　and　danger　was
  to　be　apprehended　from　individuals。　What　would　be　the　use　of
  infantry　and　cavalry；　should　one　or　two　men　seek　the　prize　with
  which　the　enemy　would　be　ready　to　reward　a　prompt　act　of　treason？　It
  was　thus　that　Scribonianus　had　fallen　in　the　days　of　Claudius；　and　his
  murderer；　Volaginius；　had　been　raised　from　the　ranks　to　the　highest
  military　command。　It　was　easier　to　move　the　hearts　of　the　multitude
  than　to　avoid　the　single　assassin。
  Though　staggered　by　these　apprehensions；　he　was　confirmed　in　his
  purpose　by　others　among　the　legates　and　among　his　own　friends；　and
  particularly　by　Mucianus；　who；　after　many　conversations　with　him　in
  private；　now　publicly　addressed　him　in　the　following　terms：　〃All　who
  enter　upon　schemes　involving　great　interests；　should　consider
  whether　what　they　are　attempting　be　for　the　advantage　of　the　State；
  for　their　own　credit；　easy　of　accomplishment；　or　at　any　rate　free　from
  serious　difficulty。　They　must　also　weigh　the　circumstances　of　their
  adviser；　must　see　whether　he　will　follow　up　his　advice　by
  imperilling　himself；　and　must　know　who；　should　fortune　prosper　the
  undertaking；　is　to　have　the　highest　honours。　I　invite　you；
  Vespasian；　to　a　dignity　which　will　be　as　beneficial　to　the　State；　as
  it　will　be　honourable　to　yourself。　Under　heaven　this　dignity　lies
  within　your　reach。　And　do　not　dread　what　may　present　the　semblance
  of　flattery。　To　be　chosen　successor　to　Vitellius　would　be　more　of　an
  insult　than　a　compliment。　It　is　not　against　the　vigorous　intellect
  of　the　Divine　Augustus；　it　is　not　against　the　profound　subtlety　of　the
  aged　Tiberius；　it　is　not　even　against　the　house　of　Caius；　Claudius；　or
  Nero；　established　by　a　long　possession　of　the　Empire；　that　we　are
  rising　in　revolt。　You　have　already　yielded　to　the　prestige　even　of
  Galba's　family。　To　persist　in　inaction；　and　to　leave　the　State　to
  degradation　and　ruin；　would　look　like　indolence　and　cowardice；　even
  supposing　that　servitude　were　as　safe　for　you　as　it　would　be　infamous。
  The　time　has　gone　by　and　passed　away　when　you　might　have　endured　the
  suspicion　of　having　coveted　Imperial　power。　That　power　is　now　your
  only　refuge。　Have　you　forgotten　how　Corbulo　was　murdered？　His
  origin；　I　grant；　was　more　illustrious　than　ours；　yet　in　nobility　of
  birth　Nero　surpassed　Vitellius。　The　man　who　is　afraid　sees　distinction
  enough　in　any　one　who