第 56 节
作者:公主站记      更新:2021-04-30 17:05      字数:9321
  accordance with the constitution of American civil society; which  rests on the unity of the race; and public instead of private  property。  All political distinctions founded on birth; race; or  private wealth are anomalies in the American system; and are  necessarily eliminated by its normal developments。  To contend  that none but property…holders may vote; or none but persons of a  particular race may be enfranchised; is unamerican and contrary;  to the order of civilization the New World is developing。  The  only qualification for the elective franchise the American system  can logically insist on is that the elector belong to the  territorial peoplethat is; be a natural…born or a naturalized  citizen; be a major in full possession of his natural faculties;  and unconvicted of any infamous offence。  The State is free to  naturalize foreigners or not; and under such restrictions as it  judges proper; but; having naturalized them; it must treat them  as standing on the same footing with natural…born citizens。
  The naturalization question is one of great national importance。   The migration of foreigners hither has added largely to the  national population; and to the national wealth and resources;  but less; perhaps; to the development of patriotism; the purity  of elections; or the 381                      wisdom and integrity of the government。  It  is impossible that there should be perfect harmony between the  national territorial democracy and individuals born; brought up;  and formed under a political order in many respects widely  different from it; and there is no doubt that the democracy; in  its objectionable sense; has been greatly strengthened by the  large infusion of naturalized citizens。  There can be no question  that; if the laboring classes; in whom the national sentiment is  usually the strongest; had been composed almost wholly of native  Americans; instead of being; as they were; at least in the  cities; large towns; and villages; composed almost exclusively of  persons foreign born; the Government would have found far less  difficulty in filling up the depleted ranks of its armies。  But  to leave so large a portion of the actual population as the  foreign born residing in the country without the rights of  citizens; would have been a far graver evil; and would; in the  late struggle; have given the victory to secession。  There are  great national advantages derived from the migration hither of  foreign labor; and if the migration be encouraged or permitted;  naturalization on easy and liberal terms is the wisest; the best;  and only safe policy。  The children of foreign…born parents are  real Americans。
  382 Emigration has; also; a singular effect in developing the latent  powers of the emigrant; and the children of emigrants are usually  more active; more energetic than the children of the older  inhabitants of the country among whom they settle。  Some of our  first men in civil life have been sons of foreign…born parents;  and so are not a few of our greatest and most successful  generals。  The most successful of our merchants have been  foreign…born。  The same thing has been noticed elsewhere;  especially in the emigration of the French Huguenots to Holland;  Germany; England; and Ireland。  The immigration of so many  millions from the Old World has; no doubt; given to the American  people much of their bold; energetic; and adventurous character;  and made them a superior people on the whole to what they would  otherwise have been。  This has nothing to do with superiority or  inferiority of race or blood; but is a natural effect of breaking  men away from routine; and throwing them back on their own  individual energies and personal resources。
  Resistance is offered to negro suffrage; and justly too; till the  recently emancipated slaves have served an apprenticeship to  freedom; but that resistance cannot long stand before the onward  progress of American democracy; which 383                                       asserts equal rights for  all; and not for a race or class only。  Some would confine  suffrage to landholders; or; at least; to property…holders; but  that is inconsistent with the American idea; and is a relic of  the barbaric constitution which founds power on private instead  of public wealth。  Nor are property…owners a whit more likely to  vote for the public good than are those who own no property but  their own labor。  The men of wealth; the business men;  manufacturers and merchants; bankers and brokers; are the men who  exert the worst influence on government in every country; for  they always strive to use it as an instrument of advancing their  own private interests。  They act on the beautiful maxim; 〃Let  government take care of the rich; and the rich will take care of  the poor;〃 instead of the far safer maxim; 〃Let government take  care of the weak; the strong can take care of themselves。〃  Universal suffrage is better than restricted suffrage; but even  universal suffrage is too weak to prevent private property from  having an undue political influence。
  The evils attributed to universal suffrage are not inseparable  from it; and; after all; it is doubtful if it elevates men of an  inferior class to those elevated by restricted suffrage。  The  Congress of 1860; or of 1862。 was a fair average 384                                                  of the wisdom;  the talent; and the virtue of the country; and not inferior to  that of 1776; or that of l789; and the Executive during the  rebellion was at least as able and as efficient as it was during  the war of 1812; far superior to that of Great Britain; and not  inferior to that of France during the Crimean war。  The Crimean  war developed and placed in high command; either with the English  or the French; no generals equal to Halleck; Grant; and Sherman;  to say nothing of others。  The more aristocratic South proved  itself; in both statesmanship and generalship; in no respect  superior to the territorial democracy of the North and West。
  The great evil the country experiences is not from universal  suffrage; but from what may be called rotation in office。  The  number of political aspirants is so great that; in the Northern  and Western States especially; the representatives in Congress  are changed every two or four years; and a member; as soon as he  has acquired the experience necessary to qualify him for his  position; is dropped; not through the fickleness of his  constituency; but to give place to another whose aid had been  necessary to his first or second election。  Employes are  〃rotated;〃 not because they are incapable or unfaithful; but  because there are others who want their places。 385                                                  This is all bad;  but it springs not from universal suffrage; but from a wrong  public opinion; which might be corrected by the press; but which  is mainly formed by it。  There is; no doubt; a due share of  official corruption; but not more than elsewhere; and that would  be much diminished by increasing the salaries of the public  servants; especially in the higher offices of the government;  both General and State。  The pay to the lower officers and  employes of the government; and to the privates and  non…commissioned officers in the army; is liberal; and; in  general; too liberal; but the pay of the higher grades in both  the civil and military service is too low; and relatively far  lower than it was when the government was first organized。
  The worst tendency in the country; and which is not encouraged at  all by the territorial democracy; manifests itself in hostility  to the military spirit and a standing army。  The depreciation of  the military spirit comes from the humanitarian or sentimental  democracy; which; like all sentimentalisms; defeats itself; and  brings about the very evils it seeks to avoid。  The hostility to  standing armies is inherited from England; and originated in the  quarrels between king and parliament; and is a  386                                                striking evidence  of the folly of that bundle of antagonistic forces called the  British constitution。  In feudal times most of the land was held  by military service; and the reliance of government was on the  feudal militia; but no real progress was made in eliminating  barbarism till the national authority got a regular army at its  command; and became able to defend itself against its enemies。   It is very doubtful if English civilization has not; upon the  whole; lost more than it has gained by substituting parliamentary  for royal supremacy; and exchanging the Stuarts for the Guelfs。
  No nation is a living; prosperous nation that has lost the  military spirit; or in which the profession of the soldier is not  held in honor and esteem; and a standing army of reasonable size  is public economy。  It absorbs in its ranks a class of men who  are worth more there than anywhere else; it creates honorable  places for gentlemen or the sons of gentlemen without wealth; in  which they can serve both themselves and their country。  Under a  democratic government the most serious embarrassment to the state  is its gentlemen; or persons not disposed or not fitted to  support themselves by their own