第 51 节
作者:公主站记      更新:2021-04-30 17:05      字数:9322
  they attempt to give the minority the  power to rule the majority; they are dangerous inasmuch as they  place the State in the hands of a party that can stand only as  supported by the General government; and thus destroy the proper  freedom and independence of the State; and open the door to  corruption; tend to keep alive rancor and ill feeling; and to  retard the period of complete pacification; which might be  effected in three months as well as in three years; or twenty  years; yet they can become legal; as other governments illegal in  their origin become legal; with time and popular acquiescence。   The right way is always the shortest and easiest; but when a  government must oftener follow than lead the public; it is not  always easy to hit the right way; and still less easy to take it。   The general instincts of the people are right as to the end  345                                                             to be  gained; but seldom right as to the means of gaining it; and  politicians of the Union party; as well as of the late secession  party; have an eye in reconstructing; to the future political  control of the State when it is reconstructed。
  The secessionists; if permitted to retain their franchise; would;  even if they accepted abolition; no doubt re…organize their  respective States on the basis of white suffrage; and so would  the Unionists; if left to themselves。  There is no party at the  South prepared to adopt negro suffrage; and there would be none  at the North if the negroes constituted any considerable portion  of the population。  As the reconstruction of a State cannot be  done under the war power; the General government can no more  enfranchise than it can disfranchise any portion of the  territorial people; and the question of negro suffrage must be  left; where the constitution leaves itto the States severally;  each to dispose of it for itself。  Negro suffrage will; no doubt;  come in time; as soon as the freedmen are prepared for it; and  the danger is that it will be attempted too soon。
  It would be a convenience to have the negro vote in the  reconstruction of the States disorganized by secession; for it  would secure their re…construction with antislavery  constitutions; and also 346                         make sure of the proposed antislavery  amendment to the Constitution of the United States; but there is  no power in Congress to enfranchise the negroes in the States  needing reconstruction; and; once assured of their freedom; the  freedmen would care little for the Union; of which they  understand nothing。  They would vote; for the most part; with  their former masters; their employers; the wealthier and more  intelligent classes; whether loyal or disloyal; for; as a rule;  these will treat them with greater personal consideration and  kindness than others。  The dislike of the negro; and hostility to  negro equality; increase as you descend in the social scale。  The  freedmen; without political instruction or experience; who have  had no country; no domicile; understand nothing of loyalty or of  disloyalty。  They have strong local attachments; but they can  have no patriotism。  If they adhered to the Union in the  rebellion; fought for it; bled for it; it was not from loyalty;  but because they knew that their freedom could come only from the  success of the Union arms。  That freedom secured; they have no  longer any interest in the Union; and their local attachments;  personal associations; habits; tastes; likes and dislikes; are  Southern; not Northern。  In any contest between the 347                                                     North and the  South; they would take; to a man; the Southern side。  After the  taunts of the women; the captured soldiers of the Union found;  until nearly the last year of the war; nothing harder to bear;  when marched as prisoners into Richmond; than the antics and  hootings of the negroes。  Negro suffrage on the score of loyalty;  is at best a matter of indifference to the Union; and as the  elective franchise is not a natural right; but a civil trust; the  friends of the negro should; for the present; be contented with  securing him simply equal rights of person and property。
  348 CHAPTER XIV。
  POLITICAL TENDENCIES。
  The most marked political tendency of the American people has  been; since 1825; to interpret their government as a pure and  simple democracy; and to shift it from a territorial to a purely  popular basis; or from the people as the state; inseparably  united to the national territory or domain; to the people as  simply population; either as individuals or as the race。  Their  tendency has unconsciously; therefore; been to change their  constitution from a republican to a despotic; or from a civilized  to a barbaric constitution。
  The American constitution is democratic; in the sense that the  people are sovereign that all laws and public acts run in their  name; that the rulers are elected by them; and are responsible to  them; but they are the people territorially constituted and fixed  to the soil; constituting what Mr。 Disraeli; with more propriety  perhaps than he thinks; calls a 〃territorial democracy。〃  To this  territorial democracy; the real American democracy; stand opposed  two 349     other democraciesthe one personal and the other  humanitarianeach alike hostile to civilization; and tending to  destroy the state; and capable of sustaining government only on  principles common to all despotisms。
  In every man there is a natural craving for personal freedom and  unrestrained actiona strong desire to be himself; not  anotherto be his own master; to go when and where he pleases;  to do what he chooses; to take what he wants; wherever he can  find it; and to keep what he takes。  It is strong in all nomadic  tribes; who are at once pastoral and predatory; and is seldom  weak in our bold frontier…men; too often real 〃border ruffians。〃   It takes different forms in different stages of social  development; but it everywhere identifies liberty with power。   Restricted in its enjoyment to one man; it makes him chief; chief  of the family; the tribe; or the nation; extended in its  enjoyment to the few; it founds an aristocracy; creates a  nobilityfor nobleman meant originally only freeman; as it does  350 his own consent; express or constructive。  This is the so…called  Jeffersonian democracy; in which government has no powers but  such as it derives from the consent of the governed; and is  personal democracy or pure individualism philosophically  considered; pure egoism; which says; 〃I am God。〃  Under this sort  of democracy; based on popular; or rather individual sovereignty;  expressed by politicians when they call the electoral people;  half seriously; half mockingly; 〃the sovereigns;〃 there obviously  can be no state; no social rights or civil authority; there can  be only a voluntary association; league; alliance; or  confederation; in which individuals may freely act together as  long as they find it pleasant; convenient; or useful; but from  which they may separate or secede whenever they find it for their  interest or their pleasure to do so。  State sovereignty and  secession are based on the same democratic principle applied to  the several States of the Union instead of individuals。
  The tendency to this sort of democracy has been strong in large  sections of the American people from the first; and has been  greatly strengthened by the general acceptance of the theory that  government originates in compact。  The full realization of this  tendency; which; hap… 351                     pily; is impracticable save in theory; would  be to render every man independent alike of every other man and  of society; with full right and power to make his own will  prevail。  This tendency was strongest in the slaveholding States;  and especially; in those States; in the slaveholding class; the  American imitation of the feudal nobility of mediaeval Europe;  and on this side the war just ended was; in its most general  expression; a war in defence of personal democracy or the  sovereignty of the people individually; against the humanitarian  democracy; represented by the abolitionists; and the territorial  democracy; represented by the Government。  This personal  democracy has been signally defeated in the defeat of the late  confederacy; and can hardly again become strong enough to be  dangerous。
  But the humanitarian democracy; which scorns all geographical  lines; effaces all in individualities; and professes to plant  itself on humanity alone; has acquired by the war new strength;  and is not without menace to our future。  The solidarity of the  race; which is the condition of all human life; founds; as we  have seen; society; and creates what are called social rights;  the; rights alike of society in regard to individuals; and of  individuals in regard to society。   352                                    Territorial divisions or  circumscriptions found particular societies; states; or nations;  yet as the race is one and all its members live by communion with  God through it and by communion one with another; these  particular states or nations are never absolutely independent of  each other but; bound together by the