第 23 节
作者:公主站记      更新:2021-04-30 17:05      字数:9321
  Provinces revolt and become independent states or nations; but  only when they have previously existed as such; and have retained  the tradition of their old constitution and independence; or when  the administration has erected them into real though dependent  political communities。  A portion of the people of a state not so  erected or organized; that has in no sense had a distinct  political existence of its own; has never separated from the  national body and formed a new and independent nation。  It cannot  revolt; it may rise up against the government; and either  revolutionize and take possession of the state; or be put down by  the government as an insurrection。  The amalgamation of the  conquering and the conquered forms a new people; and modifies the  institutions of both; but does not necessarily form a  147                                                       new nation  or political community。  The English of to…day are very different  from both the Normans and the Saxons; or Dano…Saxons; of the time  of Richard Coeur de Lion; but they constitute the same state or  political community。  England is still England。
  The Roman empire; conquered by the Northern barbarians; has been  cut up into several separate and independent nations; but because  its several provinces had; prior to their conquest by the Roman  arms; been independent nations or tribes; and more especially  because the conquerors themselves were divided into several  distinct nations or confederacies。  If the barbarians had been  united in a single nation or state; the Roman empire most likely  would have changed masters; indeed; but have retained its unity  and its constitution; for the Germanic nations that finally  seated themselves on its ruins had no wish to destroy its name or  nationality; for they were themselves more than half Romanized  before conquering Rome。  But the new nations into which the  empire has been divided have never been; at any moment; without  political or governmental organization; continued from the  constitution of the conquering tribe or nation; modified more or  less by what was retained from the empire。
  148 It is not pretended that the constitutions of states cannot be  altered; or that every people starts with a constitution fully  developed; as would seem to be the doctrine of De Maistre。  The  constitution of the family is rather economical than political;  and the tribe is far from being a fully developed state。   Strictly speaking; the state; the modern equivalent for the city  of the Greeks and Romans; was not fully formed till men began to  build and live in cities; and became fixed to a national  territory。  But in the first place; the eldest born of the human  race; we are told; built a city; and even in cities we find  traces of the family and tribal organization long after their  municipal existencein Athens down to the Macedonian conquest;  and in Rome down to the establishment of the Empire; and; in the  second place; the pastoral nations; though they have not  precisely the city or state organization; yet have a national  organization; and obey a national authority。  Strictly speaking;  no pastoral nation has a civil or political constitution; but  they have what in our modern tongues can be expressed by no other  term。  The feudal regime; which was in full vigor even in Europe  from the tenth to the close of the fourteenth century; had  nothing to do with cities; and really recognized no state 149                                                           proper;  yet who hesitates to speak of it as a civil or political system;  though a very imperfect one?
  The civil order; as it now exists; was not fully developed in the  early ages。  For a long time the national organizations bore  unmistakable traces of having been developed from the patriarchal;  and modelled from the family or tribe; as they do still in all  the non…Christian world。  Religion itself; before the Incarnation;  bore traces of the same organization。  Even with the Jews;  religion was transmitted and disused; not as under Christianity  by conversion; but by natural generation or family adoption。   With all the Gentile tribes or nations; it was the same。  At  first the father was both priest and king; an when the two  offices were separated; the priests formed a distinct and  hereditary class or caste; rejected by Christianity; which; as we  have seen; admits priests only after the order of Melchisedech。   The Jews had the synagogue; and preserved the primitive  revelation in its purity and integrity; but the Greeks and  Romans; more fully than any other ancient nations; preserved or  developed the political order that best conforms to the Christian  religion; and Christianity; it is worthy of remark; followed in  the track of the Roman armies; and it gains  150                                             a permanent  establishment only where was planted; or where it is able to  plant; the Graeco…Roman civilization。  The Graeco…Roman republics  were hardly less a schoolmaster to bring the world to Christ in  the civil order; than the Jewish nation was to bring it to Him in  the spiritual order; or in faith and worship。  In the Christian  order nothing is by hereditary descent; but every thing is by  election of grace。  The Christian dispensation is teleological;  palingenesiac; and the whole order; prior to the Incarnation; was  initial; genesiac; and continued by natural generation; as it is  still in all nations and tribes outside of Christendom。  No  non…Christian people is a civilized people; and; indeed; the  human race seems not anywhere; prior to the Incarnation; to have  attained to its majority: and it is; perhaps; because the race  were not prepared for it; that the Word was not sooner incarnated。   He came only in the fulness of time; when the world was ready to  receive him。
  The providential constitution is; in fact; that with which the  nation is born; and is; as long as the nation exists; the real  living and efficient constitution of the state。  It is the source  of the vitality of the state; that which controls or governs its  action; and determines its destiny。   151                                      The constitution which a  nation is said to give itself; is never the constitution of the  state; but is the law ordained by the state for the government  instituted under it。  Thomas Paine would admit nothing to be the  constitution but a written document which he could fold up and  put in his pocket; or file away in a pigeon…hole。  The Abbe  Sieyes pronounced politics a science which he had finished; and  he was ready to turn you out constitutions to order; with no  other defect than that they had; as Carlyle wittily says; no feet;  and could not go。  Many in the last century; and some; perhaps;  in the present; for folly as well as wisdom has her heirs;  confounded the written instrument with the constitution itself。   No constitution can be written on paper or engrossed on parchment。   What the convention may agree upon; draw up; and the people  ratify by their votes; is no constitution; for it is extrinsic to  the nation; not inherent and living in itis; at best;  legislative instead of constitutive。  The famous Magna Charta  drawn up by Cardinal Langton; and wrung from John Lackland by the  English barons at Runnymede; was no constitution of England till  long after the date of its concession; and even then was no  constitution of the state; but a set of restrictions on power。   The constitution is 152                     the intrinsic or inherent and actual  constitution of the people or political community itself; that  which makes the nation what it is; and distinguishes it from  every other nation; and varies as nations themselves vary from  one another。
  The constitution of the state is not a theory; nor is it drawn up  and established in accordance with any preconceived theory。  What  is theoretic in a constitution is unreal。  The constitutions  conceived by philosophers in their closets are constitutions only  of Utopia or Dreamland。  This world is not governed by  abstractions; for abstractions are nullities。  Only the concrete  is real; and only the real or actual has vitality or force。  The  French people adopted constitution after constitution of the most  approved pattern; and amid bonfires; beating of drums; sound of  trumpets; roar of musketry; and thunder of artillery; swore; no  doubt; sincerely as well as enthusiastically; to observe them;  but all to no effect; for they had no authority for the nation;  no hold on its affections; and formed no element of its life。   The English are great constitution…mongersfor other nations。   They fancy that a constitution fashioned after their own will fit  any nation that can be persuaded; wheedled; or bullied into  153 trying it on; but; unhappily; all that have tried it on have  found it only an embarrassment or encumbrance。  The doctor might  as well attempt to give an individual a new constitution; or the  constitution of another man; as the statesman to give a nation  any other constitution than that which it has; and with which it  is born。
  The whole history of Europe; since the fall of the Roman empire;  proves this thesis。  The barbarian conquest of