。
  The　following　is　a　short　summary　of　the　story：
  Krishna　Deva　Raya；　having　determine　to　attack　the　Adil　Shah　and　once　for　all　to　capture　the　disputed　fortress　of　Raichur；　collected　all　his　forces；　and　marched　with　an　immense　host　from　Vijayanagar　in　a　north…easterly　direction。　It　was　the　dry　season；　and　he　probably　set　out　in　February　or　March。　The　weather　must　have　been　intensely　hot　during　his　advance；　and　still　more　so　during　the　campaign；　but　the　cotton　plains　that　lay　on　his　route　out　and　home　were　then　in　the　best　condition　for　the　passage　of　his　troops；　guns；　and　baggage。　His　enormous　army　consisted　of　about　a　million　of　men；　if　the　camp…followers　be　included；　for　the　fighting　men　alone；　according　to　Nuniz；　numbered　about　736；000；　with　550　elephants。　The　troops　advanced　in　eleven　great　divisions　or　army　corps；　and　other　troops　joined　him　before　Raichur。
  He　pitched　his　camp　on　the　eastern　side　of　that　citadel；　invested　the　place；　and　began　a　regular　siege。　After　an　interval　he　received　intelligence　of　the　arrival　of　the　Adil　Shah　from　Bijapur；　on　the　north　side　of　the　Krishna；　with　an　army　of　140；000　horse　and　foot　to　oppose　him。
  Having　for　a　few　days　rested　his　troops；　the　Sultan　crossed　the　river；　advanced　（according　to　Nuniz）　to　within　nine　miles　of　Raichur；　and　there　entrenched　himself；　leaving　the　river　about　five　miles　in　his　rear。＇215＇　Firishtah；　however；　differs；　and　says　that　the　Muhammadan　forces　crossed　directly　in　face　of　the　Hindu　army　encamped　on　the　opposite　bank。
  On　Saturday　morning；　May　19；　in　the　year　A。D。　1520；　according　to　my　deductions；　the　forces　became　engaged；　and　a　decisive　pitched　battle　was　fought。　Krishna　Deva；　making　no　attempt　to　outflank　his　adversary；　ordered　an　advance　to　his　immediate　front　of　his　two　forward　divisions。　Their　attack　was　so　far　successful　that　they　drove　the　Muhammadans　back　to　their　trenches。　The　Sultan　had　apparently　deployed　his　force　over　too　wide　an　area；　expecting　that　the　Raya　would　do　the　same；　but　finding　himself　weak　in　the　centre　he　opened　fire　from　the　guns　that　he　had　previously　held　in　reserve；　and　by　this　means　caused　great　loss　in　the　close　ranks　of　the　Hindus。　The　Raya's　troops　fell　back　in　face　of　this　formidable　bombardment；　and　at　once　their　enemies　charged　them。　The　retreat　was　changed　to　a　rout；　and　for　a　mile　and　a　half　to　their　direct　front　the　Mussulman　cavalry　chased　the　flying　forces　belonging　to　Krishna　Deva's　first　line。　The　king　himself；　who　commanded　the　second　line；　began　to　despair　of　victory；　but　rallied　his　troops；　collected　about　him　a　number　of　his　nobles；　and　determined　to　face　death　with　the　bravery　that　had　always　characterised　him。　Mounting　his　horse；　he　ordered　a　forward　movement　of　the　whole　of　his　remaining　divisions；　and　charged　the　now　disordered　ranks　of　the　Mussulmans。　This　resulted　in　complete　success；　for　the　enemy；　scattered　and　unable　to　form；　fled　before　his　impetuous　onslaught。　He　drove　them　the　whole　way　back　to；　and　into；　the　river；　where　terrific　slaughter　took　place；　and　their　entire　army　was　put　to　flight。
  The　Raya　then　crossed　the　river　and　seized　the　Shah's　camp；　while　the　Shah　himself；　by　the　counsel　and　help　of　Asada　Khan；　a　man　who　afterwards　became　very　famous；　escaped　only　with　his　life；　and　fled　from　the　field　on　an　elephant。
  While　being　driven　back　towards　the　river；　Salabat　Khan；　the　Shah's　general；　made　a　valiant　attempt　to　retrieve　the　fortunes　of　the　day。　He　had　for　his　bodyguard　500　Portuguese　〃renegades；〃　and　with　him　these　men　threw　themselves　into　the　advancing　ranks　of　the　Hindus；　where　they　〃did　such　wonderful　deeds〃　that　ever　after　they　were　remembered。　They　penetrated　the　king's　host；　and　cut　their　way　forwards　till　they　almost　reached　his　person。　Here　Salabat　Khan　lost　his　horse；　but　at　once　mounted　another　and　pressed　on。　The　little　force　was；　however；　surrounded　and　annihilated；　and　the　general；　being　a　second　time　overthrown；　horse　and　all；　was　made　prisoner。
  The　spoil　was　great　and　the　result　decisive。　For　years　afterwards　the　〃Moors〃　cherished　a　wholesome　dread　of　Krishna　Raya　and　his　valiant　troops；　and　the　Sultan；　panic…stricken；　never　again　during　his　enemy's　lifetime　ventured　to　attack　the　dominions　of　Vijayanagar。　Krishna　Deva；　flushed　with　victory；　returned　at　once　to　the　attack　of　Raichur；　and　the　fortress　was　after　a　short　time　captured。
  Its　fall　was　due　in　great　measure　to　the　assistance　rendered　by　some　Portuguese；　headed　by　Christovao　de　Figueiredo；　who　with　their　arquebusses　picked　off　the　defenders　from　the　walls；　and　thus　enabled　the　besiegers　to　approach　close　to　the　lines　of　fortification　and　pull　down　the　stones　of　which　they　were　formed。　Driven　to　desperation；　and　their　governor　being　slain；　the　garrison　surrendered。
  Date　of　the　Battle。
  Now　as　to　the　date　of　this　battle。
  I　am　bold　enough　to　believe；　and　defend　my　belief；　that　when　Nuniz　fixed　the　day　of　the　great　fight　as　the　new　moon　day　of　the　month　of　May；　A。D。　1522；　he　made　a　mistake　in　the　year；　and　should　have　written　〃1520。〃
  The　chronicler　states　that　Krishna　Deva　was　prepared　to　give　battle　on　a　Friday；　but　was　persuaded　by　his　councillors　to　postpone　his　attack　till　the　following　day；　Friday　being　unlucky。　The　battle　accordingly　took　place　on　the　Saturday；　which　was　the　new　moon　day。
  Before　proceeding　to　examine　the　month　and　day；　let　us　consider　the　year　A。D。　of　the　battle。
  Paes　describes　two　grand　festivals　at　the　capital　of　which　he　was　an　eye…witness；　and　at　which　Christovao　de　Figueiredo　was　present。　He　fixes　definitely　the　days　on　which　these　occurred。　The　first　was　the　nine…days　MAHANAVAMI　festival；　and　the　second　was　the　festival　of　the　New　Year's　Day。　Paes　states　that　on　the　occasion　when　he　was　present　the　MAHANAVAMI　began　on　September　12　（〃ESTAS　FESTAS　SE　COMECAO　A　DOSE　D魽S　DE　SETEBRO　E　DURAO　NOVE　DIAS〃＇216＇）；　and　the　latter　began　on　October　12　（〃ENTRAMDO　O　MES　D　OUTUBRO　A　OMZE　DIAS　AMDADOS　D　ELE　。。。　NESTE　DIU　COMECAO　O　ANNO；　E　DIA　D　ANNO　BOM　。。。　COMECAO　O　ANNO　NESTE　MES　COM　A　LUA　NOVA；　E　ELLES　NAO　CONTAO　O　MES　SE　NAO　DE　LUA　A　LUA〃）。＇217＇　Previously　to　this；　when　writing　about　Raichur；　Paes　has　described　that　place＇218＇　as　a　city　〃that　formerly　belonged　to　the　king　of　Narsymga　（I。E。　Vijayanagar）；　there　has　been　much　war　over　it；　and　THIS　KING　took　it　from　the　Ydallcao〃　（Adil　Shah）。　The　chronicler；　therefore；　was　present　at　these　feasts　on　an　occasion　subsequent　to　the　date　of　Krishna　Deva's　conquest　of　Raichur。
  Now　the　MAHANAVAMI　festival　begins　in　these　tracts　on　the　1st　of　the　month　of　Asvina；　and　the　New　Year's　Day　in　the　time　of　Paes　was　evidently　celebrated　on　the　1st　of　the　month　Karttika；　as　was　often　the　case　in　former　years　both　days　being　the　days　following　the　moment　of　new　moon。　In　what　year；　then；　during　the　reign　of　Krishna　Deva　Raya；　did　the　1st　of　Asvina　and　the　1st　of　Karttika　fall　respectively　on　September　12　and　on　October　12？　I　have　worked　these　dates　out　for　all　the　years　of　the　reign；　and　I　find　that　in　no　year　except　A。D。　1520　did　this　occur。　In　1521　the　MAHANAVAMI　fell　on　September　2；　and　the　New　Year's　Day　on　October　1；　in　1522　the　former　fell　on　September　20；　and　the　latter　on　October　20。　This　shows　that　Paes　assisted　at　the　festivals　of　A。D。　1520；　and　that　therefore　the　battle　and　capture　of　Raichur　must　have　taken　place　before　the　month　of　September　in　that　year。
  This　again　throws　fresh　light　on　the　magnificent　reception　accorded　to　Christovao　de　Figueiredo　by　the　king；　and　the　latter's　exceptional　kindness　to　the　Portuguese　at　the　time　of　these　feasts。＇219＇　Krishna　Raya　cherished　an　especial　fondness　for　Christovao　on　account　of　his　invaluable　aid　at　the　siege　of　the　city；　and　for　the　fact　that　but　for　him　the　war　might　have　lasted　much　longer。
  Let　us　now　turn　to　the　other　Portuguese　writers；　and　see　whether　they　confirm　our　date；　1520；　for　the　fall　of　Raichur。
  The　decision　of　this　question　turns　mainly　on　the　date　when　the　Portuguese　obtained　the　mainlands　opposite　the　island　of　Goa；　consisting　of　the　tracts　called　Salsette；　Ponda；　and　Bardes。　It　seems　certain　that　this　capture　of　the　mainlands　took　place　by　Krishna　Deva's　connivance　shortly　after　the　fall　of　Raichur；　at　a　time　when　Diogo　Lopes　de　Sequeira；　the　governor…general；　was　away　at　the　Red　Sea；　and　when　Ruy　de　Mello　was　governor　of　Goa。　Now　Sequeira　left　Goa　for　the　Red　Sea　on　February　13；　A。D。　1520；　and　arrived　again　before　Diu　in　India　on　February　9；　1521。
  Castanheda　tells　us　（and　he　is　a　good　authority；　since　he　was　in　India　in　1529）　that　while　Sequeira　was　absent　at　the　Red　Sea　war　broke　out　between　the　king　of　Vijayanagar　and　the　Adil　Shah；＇220＇　at　the　close　of　which　the　latter　was　defeated　and　put　to　flight；　while　the　Hindus　took　Raichur　and　other　places
  〃so　that　many　of　the　TANADARIS＇221＇　near　Goa　on　the　mainland　were　left　undefended。　And　since　the　king　of　Narsinga　was　very　rich；　and　had　no　need　of　these　lands；　and　wanted　that　all　the　horses　that　came　to　Goa　should　come　to　him　and　none　to　the　HIDALCAO；　he　sent　to　say　to　Ruy　de　Mello；　captain　of　Goa；　that　he　had　taken　Belgaum　by　force　of　arms　from　the　Hidalcao；　with　all　the　land　appertaining　to　it　as　far　as　the　sea；　in　which　were　TANADARIS　yielding　more　than　500；000　gold　pardaos；　of　which　he　desired　to