第 25 节
作者:疯狂热线      更新:2021-03-16 00:35      字数:9322
  bailing   it   dry。   Then   a   descent   had   to   be   made   at   Kiells;   in Argyllshire;
  because a valve had gone wrong。 Another landing was made at Larne; to
  take aboard petrol。 As soon as the petrol tanks were filled and the machine
  had been overhauled the pilot got on his way for Dublin。
  For   over   two   hours   he   flew   steadily   down   the   Irish   coast;   and   then
  occurred   one of   those slight   accidents;  quite   insignificant in   themselves;
  but   terribly   disastrous   in   their   results。   Mr。   Hawker's   boots   were   rubber
  soled and his foot slipped off the rudder bar; so that the machine got out of
  control   and   fell   into   the   sea   at   Lough   Shinny;   about   15   miles   north   of
  Dublin。 At the time of the accident the pilot was about 50 feet above the
  water; which in this part of the Lough is very shallow。 The machine was
  completely wrecked; and Mr。 Hawker's mechanic was badly cut about the
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  head    and   neck;    besides   having    his  arm    broken。    Mr。   Hawker     himself
  escaped injury。
  All   Britons    deeply     sympathized      with   his   misfortune;     and   much
  enthusiasm; was aroused when the proprietors of the Daily Mail presented
  the skilful and courageous pilot with a cheque for L1000 as a consolation
  gift。
  In   a  later  chapter   some    account    will   be  given   of   the  tremendous
  development of the aeroplane during four years of war。 But it is fitting that
  to   the  three   historic  flights   detailed   above    there  should    be  added    the
  sensational exploits of the Marchese Giulio Laureati in 1917。 This intrepid
  Italian airman made a non…stop journey from Turin to Naples and back; a
  distance of 920 miles。 A month later he flew from Turin to Hounslow; a
  distance of 656 miles; in 7 hours 22 minutes。 His machine was presented
  to the British Air Board by the Italian Government。
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  CHAPTER XXXIV The Hydroplane and Air…boat
  One of the most recent developments in aviation is the hydroplane; or
  water…plane as it is most commonly called。 A hydroplane is an aeroplane
  fitted with floats instead of wheels; so that it will rise from; or alight upon;
  the surface of the water。 Often water…planes have their floats removed and
  wheels affixed to the chassis; so that they may be used over land。
  From this you may think that the construction of a water…plane is quite
  a simple task; but such is not the case。 The fitting of floats to an aeroplane
  has    called   for  great   skill  on   the   part  of  the   constructor;    and   many
  difficulties have had to be overcome。
  Those of you who have seen an acroplane rise from the ground know
  that the machine runs very quickly over the earth at a rapidly… increasing
  speed; until sufficient momentum is obtained for the machine to lift itself
  into the air。 In the case of the water…plane the pilot has to glide or 〃taxi〃 by
  means of a float or floats over the waves until the machine acquires flying
  speed。
  Now the land resistance to the rubber…tired wheels is very small when
  compared with the water   resistance to the floats;   and the faster the   craft
  goes the greater is the resistance。 The great problem which the constructor
  has had to solve is to build a machine fitted with floats which will leave
  the   water   easily;  which   will preserve   the   lateral balance   of the   machine;
  and which will offer the minimum resistance in the air。
  A short flat…bottomed float; such as that known as the Fabre; is good at
  getting off from smooth water; but is frequently damaged when the sea is
  rough。 A long and narrow float is preferable for rough water; as it is able to
  cut through the waves; but comparatively little 〃lift〃 is obtained from it。
  Some     designers    have    provided    their  water…planes     with   two   floats;
  others advocate a single loat。 The former makes the machine more stable
  when     at  rest  on   the  water;   but  a  great   rawback     is  that  the  two…float
  machine   is   affected   by   waves   more   than   a   machine   fitted   with   a   single
  float; for one float may be on the crest of a wave and the other in the dip。
  This is not the case with the single…float water…plane; but on the other hand
  this type is less stable than the other when at rest。
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  Sometimes the floats become waterlogged; and so add considerably to
  the weight of the machine。 Thus in Mr。 Hawker's flight round Britain; the
  pilot and his passenger had to pump about ten gallons of water out of one
  of   the   floats   before   the   machine   could   rise   properly。   Floats   are   usually
  made   with   watertight   compartments;   and   are   composed   of   several   thin
  layers of wood; riveted to a wooden framework。
  There  is   another   technical question   to   be  considered   in   the  fixing   of
  the floats; namely; the fore…and…aft balance of the machine in the air。 The
  propeller of a water…plane has to be set higher than that of a land aeroplane;
  so that it may not come into contact with the waves。 This tends to tip the
  craft   forwards;   and   thus   make   the   nose   of   the   float   dig   in   the   water。 To
  overcome   this   the   float   is   set   well   forward   of   the   centre   of   gravity;   and
  though this counteracts the thrust when the craft 〃taxies〃 along the waves;
  it endangers its fore…and…aft stability when aloft。
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  CHAPTER XXXV A Famous British Inventor of
  the Water…plane
  Though Harry Hawker made such a brilliant and gallant attempt to win
  the L5000 prize; we must not forget that great credit is due to Mr。 Sopwith;
  who   designed      the  water…plane;   and     to  Mr。  Green;   the   inventor    of  the
  engine which made such a flight possible; and enabled the pilot to achieve
  a feat never before approached in any part of the world。
  The life…story of Mr。 〃Tommy〃 Sopwith is almost a romance。 As a lad
  he    was   intensely    interested    in  mechanics;     and   we    can   imagine    him
  constructing      all  manner     of  models;     and   enquiring    the   why    and   the
  wherefore of every mechanical toy with which he came into contact。
  At the early age of twenty…one he commenced a motor business; but
  about     this  time   engineers     and   mechanics     all  over   the   country    were
  becoming   greatly  interested   in   the practical   possibilities   of   aviation。   Mr。
  Sopwith decided to learn to fly; and in 1910; after continued practice in a
  Howard Wright biplane; he had become a proficient pilot。 So rapid was his
  progress that by the end of the year he had won the magnificent prize of
  L4000 generously offered by Baron de Forest for the longest flight made
  by an all…British machine from England to the Continent。 In this flight he
  covered     177   miles;   from    Eastchurch;     Isle  of  Sheppey;    to  the  Belgian
  frontier; in three and a half hours。
  If Mr。 Sopwith had been in any doubt as to the wisdom of changing his
  business   this   remarkable   achievement   alone   must   have   assured   him   that
  his   future   career   lay  in   aviation。   In   1911   he   was   graciously  received   by
  King   George   V   at   Windsor   Castle;   after   having   flown   from   Brooklands
  and alighted on the East Terrace of the famous castle。
  In   the   same   year   he   visited   America;   and   astonished   even   that   go…
  ahead     country    with   some    skilful   flying   feats。  To   show    the  practical
  possibilities of the aeroplane he overtook the liner Olympic; after she had
  left   New York harbour   on her   homeward   voyage;   and dropped   aboard   a
  parcel addressed to a passenger。 On his return to England he competed in
  the first Aerial Derby; the course being a circuit of London; representing a
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  distance   of   81   miles。   In   this   race   he   made   a   magnificent   flight   in   a   70…
  horse…power Bleriot monoplane; and came in some fifteen minutes before
  Mr。   Hamel;   the   second   pilot   home。   So   popular   was   his   victory   that   Mr。
  Grahame…White          and   several   other   official