and　keep　them　constantly　engaged；
  ＇Literally；　　〃make　servants　of　them。〃　　Tu　Yu　says　　〃prevent
  the　from　having　any　rest。〃＇
  hold　out　specious　allurements；　and　make　them　rush　to　any　given
  point。
  ＇Meng　Shih's　note　contains　an　excellent　example　of　the
  idiomatic　use　of：　　〃cause　them　to　forget　PIEN　（the　reasons　for
  acting　otherwise　than　on　their　first　impulse）；　and　hasten　in　our
  direction。〃＇
  11。　　The　art　of　war　teaches　us　to　rely　not　on　the　likelihood
  of　the　enemy's　not　coming；　but　on　our　own　readiness　to　receive
  him；　　not　on　the　chance　of　his　not　attacking；　but　rather　on　the
  fact　that　we　have　made　our　position　unassailable。
  12。　　There　are　five　dangerous　faults　which　may　affect　a
  general：　　（1）　　Recklessness；　which　leads　to　destruction；
  ＇〃Bravery　without　forethought；〃　as　Ts‘ao　Kung　analyzes　it；
  which　causes　a　man　to　fight　blindly　and　desperately　like　a　mad
  bull。　　Such　an　opponent；　says　Chang　Yu；　〃must　not　be　encountered
  with　brute　force；　but　may　be　lured　into　an　ambush　and　slain。〃
  Cf。　Wu　Tzu；　chap。　IV。　ad　init。：　　〃In　estimating　the　character　of
  a　general；　　men　are　wont　to　pay　exclusive　attention　to　his
  courage；　　forgetting　that　courage　is　only　one　out　of　many
  qualities　which　a　general　should　possess。　　The　merely　brave　man
  is　prone　to　fight　recklessly；　and　he　who　fights　recklessly；
  without　any　perception　of　what　is　expedient；　must　be　condemned。〃
  Ssu…ma　Fa；　too；　make　the　incisive　remark：　　〃Simply　going　to　one's
  death　does　not　bring　about　victory。〃＇
  （2）　　cowardice；　which　leads　to　capture；
  ＇Ts‘ao　Kung　defines　the　Chinese　word　translated　here　as
  〃cowardice〃　　as　being　of　the　man　〃whom　timidity　prevents　from
  advancing　to　seize　an　advantage；〃　and　Wang　Hsi　adds　〃who　is　quick
  to　flee　at　the　sight　of　danger。〃　　Meng　Shih　gives　the　closer
  paraphrase　〃he　who　is　bent　on　returning　alive；〃　this　is；　the　man
  who　will　never　take　a　risk。　　But；　as　Sun　Tzu　knew；　nothing　is　to
  be　achieved　in　war　unless　you　are　willing　to　take　risks。　　T‘ai
  Kung　said：　　　〃He　who　lets　an　advantage　slip　will　subsequently
  bring　upon　himself　real　disaster。〃　　In　404　A。D。；　Liu　Yu　pursued
  the　rebel　Huan　Hsuan　up　the　Yangtsze　and　fought　a　naval　battle
  with　him　at　the　island　of　Ch‘eng…hung。　　The　loyal　troops　numbered
  only　a　few　thousands；　while　their　opponents　were　in　great　force。
  But　Huan　Hsuan；　　fearing　the　fate　which　was　in　store　for　him
  should　be　be　overcome；　had　a　light　boat　made　fast　to　the　side　of
  his　war…junk；　　so　that　he　might　escape；　　if　necessary；　　at　a
  moment's　notice。　　The　natural　result　was　that　the　fighting　spirit
  of　his　soldiers　was　utterly　quenched；　and　when　the　loyalists　made
  an　attack　from　windward　with　fireships；　all　striving　with　the
  utmost　ardor　to　be　first　in　the　fray；　Huan　Hsuan's　forces　were
  routed；　　had　to　burn　all　their　baggage　and　fled　for　two　days　and
  nights　without　stopping。　　Chang　Yu　tells　a　somewhat　similar　story
  of　Chao　Ying…ch‘i；　　a　general　of　the　Chin　State　who　during　a
  battle　with　the　army　of　Ch‘u　in　597　B。C。　had　a　boat　kept　in
  readiness　for　him　on　the　river；　wishing　in　case　of　defeat　to　be
  the　first　to　get　across。＇
  （3）　　a　hasty　temper；　which　can　be　provoked　by　insults；
  ＇Tu　Mu　tells　us　that　Yao　Hsing；　when　opposed　in　357　A。D。　　by
  Huang　Mei；　　Teng　Ch‘iang　and　others　shut　himself　up　behind　his
  walls　and　refused　to　fight。　　Teng　Ch‘iang　said：　　〃Our　adversary
  is　of　a　choleric　temper　and　easily　provoked；　let　us　make　constant
  sallies　and　break　down　his　walls；　then　he　will　grow　angry　and
  come　out。　　Once　we　can　bring　his　force　to　battle；　it　is　doomed　to
  be　our　prey。〃　　This　plan　was　acted　upon；　Yao　Hsiang　came　out　to
  fight；　　was　lured　as　far　as　San…yuan　by　the　enemy's　pretended
  flight；　and　finally　attacked　and　slain。＇
  （4）　　a　delicacy　of　honor　which　is　sensitive　to　shame；
  ＇This　need　not　be　taken　to　mean　that　a　sense　of　honor　is
  really　a　defect　in　a　general。　　What　Sun　Tzu　condemns　is　rather　an
  exaggerated　sensitiveness　to　slanderous　reports；　the　thin…skinned
  man　who　is　stung　by　opprobrium；　however　undeserved。　　Mei　Yao…
  ch‘en　truly　observes；　though　somewhat　paradoxically：　　〃The　seek
  after　glory　should　be　careless　of　public　opinion。〃＇
  （5）　　over…solicitude　for　his　men；　which　exposes　him　to　worry
  and　trouble。
  ＇Here　again；　Sun　Tzu　does　not　mean　that　the　general　is　to　be
  careless　of　the　welfare　of　his　troops。　　All　he　wishes　to
  emphasize　is　the　danger　of　sacrificing　any　important　military
  advantage　to　the　immediate　comfort　of　his　men。　　This　is　a
  shortsighted　policy；　　because　in　the　long　run　the　troops　will
  suffer　more　from　the　defeat；　or；　at　best；　the　prolongation　of　the
  war；　　which　will　be　the　consequence。　　A　mistaken　feeling　of　pity
  will　often　induce　a　general　to　relieve　a　beleaguered　city；　or　to
  reinforce　a　hard…pressed　detachment；　contrary　to　his　military
  instincts。　　It　is　now　generally　admitted　that　our　repeated
  efforts　to　relieve　Ladysmith　in　the　South　African　War　were　so
  many　strategical　blunders　which　defeated　their　own　purpose。　　And
  in　the　end；　relief　came　through　the　very　man　who　started　out　with
  the　distinct　resolve　no　longer　to　subordinate　the　interests　of
  the　whole　to　sentiment　in　favor　of　a　part。　　An　old　soldier　of　one
  of　our　generals　who　failed　most　conspicuously　in　this　war；　　tried
  once；　　I　remember；　to　defend　him　to　me　on　the　ground　that　he　was
  always　〃so　good　to　his　men。〃　　By　this　plea；　had　he　but　known　it；
  he　was　only　condemning　him　out　of　Sun　Tzu's　mouth。＇
  13。　　These　are　the　five　besetting　sins　of　a　general；　ruinous
  to　the　conduct　of　war。
  14。　　When　an　army　is　overthrown　and　its　leader　slain；　　the
  cause　will　surely　be　found　among　these　five　dangerous　faults。
  Let　them　be　a　subject　of　meditation。
  ＇1＇　　〃Marshal　Turenne；〃　p。　50。
  …
  IX。　　THE　ARMY　ON　THE　MARCH
  ＇The　contents　of　this　interesting　chapter　are　　　better
  indicated　in　ss。　1　than　by　this　heading。＇
  1。　　Sun　Tzu　said：　　We　come　now　to　the　question　of　encamping
  the　army；　and　observing　signs　of　the　enemy。　　Pass　quickly　over
  mountains；　and　keep　in　the　neighborhood　of　valleys。
  ＇The　idea　is；　not　to　linger　among　barren　uplands；　　but　to
  keep　close　to　supplies　of　water　and　grass。　　Cf。　Wu　Tzu；　　ch。　　3：
  〃Abide　not　in　natural　ovens；〃　i。e。　〃the　openings　of　valleys。〃
  Chang　Yu　tells　the　following　anecdote：　　Wu…tu　Ch‘iang　was　a
  robber　captain　in　the　time　of　the　Later　Han；　and　Ma　Yuan　was　sent
  to　exterminate　his　gang。　　Ch‘iang　having　found　a　refuge　in　the
  hills；　Ma　Yuan　made　no　attempt　to　force　a　battle；　but　seized　all
  the　favorable　positions　commanding　supplies　of　water　and　forage。
  Ch‘iang　was　soon　in　such　a　desperate　plight　for　want　of
  provisions　that　he　was　forced　to　make　a　total　surrender。　　He　did
  not　know　the　advantage　of　keeping　in　the　neighborhood　of
  valleys。〃＇
  2。　　Camp　in　high　places；
  ＇Not　on　high　hills；　but　on　knolls　or　hillocks　elevated　above
  the　surrounding　country。＇
  facing　the　sun。
  ＇Tu　Mu　takes　this　to　mean　〃facing　south；〃　　and　Ch‘en　Hao
  〃facing　east。〃　　Cf。　　infra；　SS。　11；　13。
  Do　not　climb　heights　in　order　to　fight。　　So　much　for　mountain
  warfare。
  3。　　After　crossing　a　river；　you　should　get　far　away　from　it。
  ＇〃In　order　to　tempt　the　enemy　to　cross　after　you；〃　according
  to　Ts‘ao　Kung；　　and　also；　says　Chang　Yu；　〃in　order　not　to　be
  impeded　in　your　evolutions。〃　　The　T‘UNG　TIEN　reads；　〃If　THE　ENEMY
  crosses　a　river；〃　etc。　　But　in　view　of　the　next　sentence；　this　is
  almost　certainly　an　interpolation。＇
  4。　　When　an　invading　force　crosses　a　river　in　its　onward
  march；　do　not　advance　to　meet　it　in　mid…stream。　　It　will　be　best
  to　let　half　the　army　get　across；　and　then　deliver　your　attack。
  ＇Li　Ch‘uan　alludes　to　the　great　victory　won　by　Han　Hsin　over
  Lung　Chu　at　the　Wei　River。　　Turning　to　the　CH‘IEN　HAN　SHU；　　ch。
  34；　fol。　6　verso；　we　find　the　battle　described　as　follows：　　　〃The
  two　armies　were　drawn　up　on　opposite　sides　of　the　river。　　In　the
  night；　　Han　Hsin　ordered　his　men　to　take　some　ten　thousand　sacks
  filled　with　sand　and　construct　a　dam　higher　up。　　Then；　　leading
  half　his　army　across；　he　attacked　Lung　Chu；　but　after　a　time；
  pretending　to　have　failed　in　his　attempt；　he　hastily　withdrew　to
  the　other　bank。　　Lung　Chu　was　much　elated　by　this　unlooked…for
  success；　and　exclaiming：　　〃I　felt　sure　that　Han　Hsin　was　really　a
  coward！〃　he　pursued　him　and　began　crossing　the　river　in　his　turn。
  Han　Hsin　now　sent　a　party　to　cut　open　the　sandbags；　　thus
  releasing　a　great　volume　of　water；　which　swept　down　and　prevented
  the　greater　portion　of　Lung　Chu's　army　from　getting　across。　　He
  then　turned　upon　the　force　which　had　been　cut　off；　　　and
  annihilated　it；　Lung　Chu　himself　being　amongst　the　slain。　　The
  rest　of　the　army；　on　the　further　bank；　also　scat