are　the　elephant；　the　one…horned　rhinoceros；　the　Malayan　tapir；　and　the
  wild　hog；　the　last　held　in　abomination　by　the　Malays；　but　constituting
  the　chief　animal　food　of　some　of　the　wild　tribes。
  A　small　bear　with　a　wistful　face　represents　the　Plantigrade　family。　The
  Quadrumana　are　very　numerous。　There　are　nine　monkeys；　one；　if　not　two
  apes；　and　a　lemur　or　sloth；　which　screens　its　eyes　from　the　light。
  Of　the　Digitigrada　there　are　the　otter　or　water…dog；　the　musang　and
  climbing　musang；　the　civet　cat；　the　royal　tiger；　the　spotted　black
  tiger；　in　whose　glossy　raven…black　coat　the　characteristic　markings　are
  seen　in　certain　lights；　the　tiger　cat；　the　leopard；　the　Java　cat；　and
  four　or　five　others。　Many　of　these　feline　animals　abound。
  Among　the　ruminants　are　four　species　of　deer；　two　smaller　than　a　hare；
  and　one　as　large　as　an　elk；　a　wild　goat　similar　to　the　Sumatran
  antelope；　the　domestic　goat；　a　mean　little　beast；　the　buffalo；　a　great；
  nearly　hairless；　gray　or　pink　beast；　bigger　than　the　buffalo　of　China
  and　India；　a　short…legged　domestic　ox；　and　two　wild　oxen　or　bisons；
  which　are　rare。
  The　bat　family　is　not　numerous。　The　vampire　flies　high；　in　great
  flocks；　and　is　very　destructive　to　fruit。　This　frugiverous　bat；　known
  popularly　as　the　〃flying　fox；〃　is　a　very　interesting…looking　animal；
  and　is　actually　eaten　by　the　people　of　Ternate。　At　the　height　of　the
  fruit　season；　thousands　of　these　creatures　cross　from　Sumatra　to　the
  mainland；　a　distance　never　less　than　forty　miles。　Their　strength　of
  wing　is　enormous。　I　saw　one　captured　in　the　steamer　Nevada；　forty…five
  miles　from　the　Navigators；　with　wings　measuring；　when　extended；　nearly
  five　feet　across。　　These　are　formed　of　a　jet　black　membrane；　and　have　a
  highly　polished　claw　at　the　extremity　of　each。　The　feet　consist　of　five
  polished　black　claws；　with　which　the　bat　hangs　on；　head　downward；　to
  the　forest　trees。　His　body　is　about　twice　the　size　of　that　of　a　very
  large　rat；　black　and　furry　underneath；　and　with　red　foxy　fur　on　the
  head　and　neck。　He　has　a　pointed　face；　a　very　black　nose；　and　prominent
  black　eyes；　with　a　remorseless　expression　in　them。　An　edible　bat　of
  vagrant　habits　is　also　found。
  Ponies　are　imported　from　Sumatra；　and　a　few　horses　from　Australia；　but
  the　latter　do　not　thrive。
  The　domestic　cat　always　looks　as　if　half　his　tail　had　been　taken　off　in
  a　trap。　The　domestic　dog　is　the　Asiatic；　not　the　European　dog；　a　leggy；
  ugly；　vagrant；　uncared…for　fellow；　furnishing　a　useful　simile　and
  little　more。
  Weasels；　squirrels；　polecats；　porcupines；　and　other　small　animals　exist
  in　numbers；　and　the　mermaid；　of　the　genus　Halicore；　connects　the
  inhabitants　of　the　land　and　water。　　This　Duyong；　described　as　a
  creature　seven　or　eight　feet　long；　with　a　head　like　that　of　an　elephant
  deprived　of　its　proboscis；　and　the　body　and　tail　of　a　fish；　frequents
  the　Sumatran　and　Malayan　shores；　and　its　flesh　is　held　in　great
  estimation　at　the　tables　of　sultans　and　rajahs。　Besides　these　（and　the
  list　is　long　enough）　there　are　many　small　beasts。
  The　reptiles　are　unhappily　very　numerous。　Crawfurd　mentions　forty
  species　of　snakes；　including　the　python　and　the　cobra。　Alligators　in
  great　numbers　infest　the　tidal　waters　of　the　rivers。　Iguanas　and
  lizards　of　several　species；　marsh…frogs；　and　green　tree…frogs　abound。
  The　land…leeches　are　a　great　pest。　Scorpions　and　centipedes　are
  abundant。　　There　are　many　varieties　of　ants；　among　them　a　formidable…
  looking　black　creature　nearly　two　inches　long；　a　large　red　ant；　whose
  bite　is　like　a　bad　pinch　from　forceps；　and　which　is　the　chief　source　of
  formic　acid；　and　the　termes；　or　white　ant；　most　destructive　to　timber。
  The　carpenter　beetle　is　also　found；　an　industrious　insect；　which
  riddles　the　timber　of　any　building　in　which　he　effects　a　lodgment；　and
  is　as　destructive　as　dry　rot。　There　are　bees　and　wasps；　and　hornets　of
  large　size；　and　a　much…dreaded　insect；　possibly　not　yet　classified；
  said　to　be　peculiar　to　the　Peninsula；　which　inflicts　so　severe　a　wound
  as　to　make　a　strong　man　utter　a　cry　of　agony。　But　of　all　the　pests　the
  mosquitoes　are　the　worst。　A　resident　may　spend　some　time　in　the　country
  and　know　nothing　from　experience　of　scorpions；　centipedes；
  land…leeches；　and　soldier　ants；　but　he　cannot　escape　from　the　mosquito；
  the　curse　of　these　well…watered　tropic　regions。　In　addition　to　the
  night　mosquito；　there　is　a　striped　variety　of　large　size；　known　as　the
  〃tiger　mosquito；〃　much　to　be　feared；　for　it　pursues　its　bloodthirsty
  work　in　the　daytime。
  Among　the　harmless　insects　may　be　mentioned　the　cicada；　which　fills　the
  forest　with　its　cheery　din；　the　green　grasshopper；　spiders；　and　flies
  of　several　species；　dragon…flies　of　large　size　and　brilliant　coloring；
  and　butterflies　and　moths　of　surpassing　beauty；　which　delight　in　the
  hot；　moist；　jungle　openings；　and　even　surpass　the　flowers　in　the　glory
  and　variety　of　their　hues。　Among　them　the　atlas　moth　is　found；
  measuring　from　eight　to　ten　inches　across　its　wings。　The　leaf　insects
  are　also　fascinating；　and　the　fire…flies　in　a　mangrove　swamp　on　a
  dark；　still　night；　moving　in　gentle　undulations；　or　flashing　into
  coruscations　after　brief　intervals　of　quiescence；　are　inconceivably
  beautiful。
  The　birds　of　the　Peninsula　are　many　and　beautiful。　Sun…birds　rival　the
  flashing　colors　of　the　humming…birds　in　the　jungle　openings；
  king…fishers　of　large　size　and　brilliant　blue　plumage　make　the　river
  banks　gay；　shrieking　paroquets　with　coral…colored　beaks　and　tender
  green　feathers；　abound　in　the　forests；　great；　heavy…billed　hornbills
  hop　cumbrously　from　branch　to　branch；　rivaling　in　their　awkward　gait
  the　rhinoceros　hornbills；　the　Javanese　peacock；　with　its　gorgeous　tail
  and　neck　covered　with　iridescent　green　feathers　instead　of　blue　ones；
  moves　majestically　along　the　jungle　tracks；　together　with　the　ocellated
  pheasant；　the　handsome　and　high…couraged　jungle　cock；　and　the　glorious
  Argus　pheasant；　a　bird　of　twilight　and　night；　with　〃a　hundred　eyes〃　on
  each　feather　of　its　stately　tail。
  According　to　Mr。　Newbold；　two　birds　of　paradise　（Paradisea　regia　and
  Paradisea　gularis）　are　natives　of　the　Peninsula；*　and　among　other
  bright…winged　creatures　are　the　glorious　crimson…feathered　pergam；　the
  penciled　pheasant；　the　peacock　pheasant；　the　blue　pheasant　partridge；
  the　mina；　and　the　dial　bird；　with　an　endless　variety　of　parrots；
  lories；　green…feathered　pigeons　of　various　sizes；　and　wood…peckers。
  Besides　these　there　are　falcons；　owls；　or　〃spectre　birds；〃　sweet…voiced
  butcher　birds；　storks；　fly…catchers；　and　doves；　and　the　swallow　which
  builds　the　gelatinous　edible　nest；　which　is　the　foundation　of　the
  expensive　luxury　〃Bird's　Nest　Soup；〃　frequents　the　verdant　islands　on
  the　coast。
  ＇*Mr。　Newbold　is　ordinarily　so　careful　and　accurate　that　it　is　almost
  presumptuous　to　hint　that　in　this　particular　case　he　may　not　have　been
  able　to　verify　the　statements　of　the　natives　by　actual　observation。＇
  Nor　are　our　own　water　birds　wanting。　There　are　bitterns；　rails；
  wild…duck；　teal；　snipes；　the　common；　gray；　and　whistling　plover；　green；
  black；　and　red　quails；　and　the　sport　on　the　plains　and　reedy　marshes；
  and　along　the　banks　of　rivers；　is　most　excellent。
  Turtles　abound　off　the　coast；　and　tortoises；　one　variety　with　a　hard
  shell；　and　the　other　with　a　soft　one　and　a　rapid　movement；　are　found　in
  swampy　places。　The　river　fish　are　neither　abundant　nor　much　esteemed；
  but　the　sea　furnishes　much　of　the　food　of　both　Malays　and　Chinese；　and
  the　dried　and　salted　fish　prepared　on　the　coast　is　considered　very
  good。
  At　European　tables　in　the　settlements　the　red　mullet；　a　highly　prized
  fish；　the　pomfret；　considered　more　delicious　than　the　turbot；　and　the
  tungeree；　with　cray…fish；　crabs；　prawns；　and　shrimps；　are　usually　seen。
  The　tongue…fish；　something　like　a　sole；　the　gray　mullet；　the
  hammer…headed　shark；　and　various　fish；　with　vivid　scarlet　and　yellow
  stripes　alternating　with　black；　are　eaten；　along　with　cockles；　〃razor
  shells；〃　and　king…crabs。　The　lover　of　fishy　beauty　is　abundantly
  gratified　by　the　multitudes　of　fish　of　brilliant　colors；　together　with
  large　medusae；　which　dart　or　glide　through　the　sunlit　waters　among　the
  coral…groves；　where　every　coral　spray　is　gemmed　with　zoophytes；　whose
  rainbow…tinted　arms　sway　with　the　undulations　of　the　water；　and　where
  sea…snakes　writhe　themselves　away　into　the　recesses　of　coral　caves。
  Nature　is　so　imposing；　so　magnificent；　and　so　prolific　on　the　Malay
  Peninsula；　that　one　naturally　gives　man　the　secondary　place　which　I
  have　assigned　to　him　in　this　chapter。　The　whole　population　of　the
  Golden　Chersonese；　a　region　as　large　as　Great　Britain；　is　not　more　than
  three…quarters　of　a　million；　and　less　than　a　half　of　this　is　Malay。
  Neither　great　wars；　nor　an　ancient　history；　nor　a　valuable　literature；
  nor　stately　ruins；　nor　barbaric　splendors；　attract　scholars　or
  sight…seers　to　the　Peninsula。
  The　Malays　are　not　the　Aborigines　of　this　singular　spit　of　land；　and；
  they　are　its　colonists　rather　than　its　conquerors。　Their　histories；
  which　are　chiefly　traditional；　state　that　the　extremity　of　the
  Peninsula　was　peopled　by　a　Malay　emigration　from　Sumatra　about　the
  middle　of　the　twelfth　century；　and　that　the　de