armed；　and　on　all　occasions　drag　about　with　him　armed　satellites。　In
  the　next　place；　the　private　citizen；　even　during　an　expedition　into
  hostile　territory；＇6＇　can　comfort　himself　in　the　reflection　that　as
  soon　as　he　gets　back　home　he　will　be　safe　from　further　peril。　Whereas
  the　tyrant　knows　precisely　the　reverse；　as　soon　as　he　arrives　in　his
  own　city；　he　will　find　himself　in　the　centre　of　hostility　at　once。　Or
  let　us　suppose　that　an　invading　army；　superior　in　force；　is　marching
  against　a　city：　however　much　the　weaker　population；　whilst　they　are
  still　outside　their　walls；　may　feel　the　stress　of　danger；　yet　once
  within　their　trenches　one　and　all　expect　to　find　themselves　in
  absolute　security。　But　the　tyrant　is　not　out　of　danger；　even　when　he
  has　passed　the　portals　of　his　palace。　Nay！　there　of　all　places　most；
  he　feels；　he　must　maintain　the　strictist　watch。＇7＇　Again；　to　the
  private　citizen　there　will　come　eventually；　either　through　truce　or
  terms　of　peace；　respite　from　war；　but　for　the　tyrant；　the　day　of　peace
  will　never　dawn。　What　peace　can　he　have　with　those　over　whom　he
  exercises　his　despotic　sway？＇8＇　Nor　have　the　terms　of　truce　been　yet
  devised；　on　which　the　despotic　ruler　may　rely　with　confidence。＇9＇
  ＇5＇　｛koinon｝；　i。e。　making　demands　upon　the　eneriges　of　all　the
  citizens　in　common；　as　opposed　to　the　personal　character　of　war　as
  conducted　by　a　despot　=　〃public；〃　〃patriotic；〃　〃national〃　war。　Al。
  borne　by　the　particular　｛polis｝　as　member　of　a　league；　whether　of
  states　united　for　the　time　being　in　a　｛summakhia｝；　or　permanently
  in　a　confederacy　=　a　〃federal〃　war。
  ＇6＇　〃Even　if　serving　on　a　campaign　in　the　enemy's　country。〃
  ＇7＇　Or；　〃he　has　to　exercise　the　utmost　vigilance。〃
  ＇8＇　〃With　those　who　are　'absolutely　governed；'　not　to　say　tyrannically
  ruled。〃
  ＇9＇　Or；　〃which　the　tyrant　may　accept　in　faith　and　go　his　way
  rejoicing。〃
  Wars　doubtless　there　are；＇10＇　wars　waged　by　states　and　wars　waged　by
  autocratic　monarchs　against　those　whom　they　have　forcibly　enslaved；
  and　in　respect　of　these　wars　there　is　no　hardship　which　any　member　of
  the　states　at　war＇11＇　can　suffer　but　the　tyrant　will　feel　it　also。
  That　is　to　say；　both　must　alike　be　under　arms；　keep　guard；　run　risks；
  and　whatever　the　pains　of　defeat　may　be；　they　are　equally　sustained　by
  both。　Up　to　this　point　there　is　no　distinction。　The　〃bitters〃　are
  equal。　But　when　we　come　to　estimate　the　〃sweets〃　derivable　from
  warfare　between　states；＇12＇　the　parallel　ceases。　The　tyrant；　if　he
  shared　the　pains　before；　no　longer　shares　the　pleasures　now。　What
  happens　when　a　state　has　gained　the　mastery　in　battle　over　her
  antagonist？　It　would　be　hard　（I　take　it）　to　describe　the　joy　of　that
  occurrence：　joy　in　the　rout；　joy　in　the　pursuit；　joy　in　the　slaughter
  of　their　enemies；　and　in　what　language　shall　I　describe　the　exultation
  of　these　warriors　at　their　feats　of　arms？　With　what　assumption　they
  bind　on　their　brows　the　glittering　wreath　of　glory；＇13＇　with　what
  mirth　and　jollity　congratulate　themselves　on　having　raised　their　city
  to　newer　heights　of　fame。　Each　several　citizen　claims　to　have　shared
  in　the　plan　of　the　campaign；＇14＇　and　to　have　slain　the　largest　number。
  Indeed　it　would　be　hard　to　find　where　false　embellishment　will　not
  creep　in；＇15＇　the　number　stated　to　be　the　slain　exceeding　that　of
  those　that　actually　perished。　So　truly　glorious　a　thing　it　seems　to
  them　to　have　won　a　great　victory。＇16＇
  ＇10＇　Lit。　〃and　further；　wars　there　are；　waged　against　forcibly…
  subjected　populations　whether　by　free　states〃e。g。　of　Olynthus；
  〃Hell。〃　V。　ii。　23；　or　Athens　against　her　〃subject　allies〃　during
  the　Pel。　war〃or　by　despotic　rules〃Jason　of　Pherae　（〃Hell。〃
  VI。）　Al。　〃wars　waged　by　free　states　against　free　states；　and　wars
  waged　by　tyrants　against　enslaved　peoples。〃
  ＇11＇　Does　｛o　en　tais　polesi｝　=　〃the　citizen〃？　So　some　commentators；　or
  （sub。　｛polemos｝）　=　〃the　war　among　states〃　（see　Hartman；　op。　cit。
  p。　248）？　in　which　case　transl。　〃all　the　hardships　involved　in
  international　war　come　home　to　the　tyrant　also。〃　The　same
  obscurity　attaches　to　｛oi　en　tais　polesi｝　below　（the　commonly
  adopted　emend。　of　the　MS。　｛oi　sunontes　polesi｝　=　〃the　citizens；〃
  or　else　=　〃international　wars。〃
  ＇12＇　〃The　pleasures　incidental　to　warfare　between　states〃；　al。　〃the
  sweets　which　citizens　engaged　in　warfare　as　against　rival　states
  can　count　upon。〃
  ＇13＇　Reading　｛analambanousin｝；　or；　if　after　Cobet；　etc。；
  ｛lambanousin｝；　transl。　〃what　brilliant　honour；　what　bright　credit
  they　assume。〃
  ＇14＇　〃To　have　played　his　part　in　counsel。〃　See　〃Anab。〃　passim；　and　M。
  Taine；　〃Essais　de　Critique；〃　〃Xenophon；〃　p。　128。
  ＇15＇　Lit。　〃they　do　not　indulge　in　false　additions；　pretending　to　have
  put　more　enemies　to　death　than　actually　fell。〃
  ＇16＇　Cf。　〃Hipparch；〃　viii。　11；　〃Cyrop。〃　VIII。　iii。　25；　〃Thuc。〃　i。　49。
  But　the　tyrant；　when　he　forebodes；　or　possibly　perceives　in　actual
  fact；　some　opposition　brewing；　and　puts　the　suspects＇17＇　to　the　sword；
  knows　he　will　not　thereby　promote　the　welfare　of　the　state
  collectively。　The　cold　clear　fact　is；　he　will　have　fewer　subjects　to
  rule　over。＇18＇　How　can　he　show　a　cheerful　countenance？＇19＇　how　magnify
  himself　on　his　achievement？　On　the　contrary；　his　desire　is　to　lessen
  the　proportions　of　what　has　taken　place；　as　far　as　may　be。　He　will
  apologise　for　what　he　does；　even　in　the　doing　of　it；　letting　it　appear
  that　what　he　has　wrought　at　least　was　innocent；＇20＇　so　little　does　his
  conduct　seem　noble　even　to　himself。　And　when　those　he　dreaded　are
  safely　in　their　graves；　he　is　not　one　whit　more　confident　of　spirit；
  but　still　more　on　his　guard　than　heretofore。　That　is　the　kind　of　war
  with　which　the　tyrant　is　beset　from　day　to　day　continually；　as　I　do
  prove。＇21＇
  ＇17＇　See　Hold。　（crit。　app。）；　Hartman；　op。　cit。　p。　260。
  ＇18＇　Cf。　〃Mem。〃　I。　ii。　38。
  ＇19＇　Cf。　〃Anab。〃　II。　vi。　11；　〃Hell。〃　VI。　iv。　16。
  ＇20＇　〃Not　of　malice　prepense。〃
  ＇21＇　Or；　〃Such　then；　as　I　describe　it；　is　the　type　of　war；〃　etc。
  III
  Turn　now　and　contemplate　the　sort　of　friendship　whereof　it　is　given　to
  tyrants　to　partake。　And　first；　let　us　examine　with　ourselves　and　see
  if　friendship　is　truly　a　great　boon　to　mortal　man。
  How　fares　it　with　the　man　who　is　beloved　of　friends？　See　with　what
  gladness　his　friends　and　lovers　hail　his　advent！　delight　to　do　him
  kindness！　long　for　him　when　he　is　absent　from　them！＇1＇　and　welcome　him
  most　gladly　on　his　return！＇2＇　In　any　good　which　shall　betide　him　they
  rejoice　together；　or　if　they　see　him　overtaken　by　misfortune；　they
  rush　to　his　assistance　as　one　man。＇3＇
  ＇1＇　Reading　｛an　ate｝；　or　if　｛an　apie｝；　transl。　〃have　yearning　hearts
  when　he　must　leave　them。〃
  ＇2＇　See　Anton　Rubinstein；　〃Die　Musik　and　ihre　Meister；〃　p。　8；　〃Some
  Remarks　on　Beethoven's　Sonata　Op。　81。〃
  ＇3＇　Cf。　〃Cyrop。〃　I。　vi。　24　for　a　repetition　of　the　sentiment　and
  phraseology。
  Nay！　it　has　not　escaped　the　observation　of　states　and　governments　that
  friendship　is　the　greatest　boon；　the　sweetest　happiness　which　men　may
  taste。　At　any　rate；　the　custom　holds＇4＇　in　many　states　〃to　slay　the
  adulterer〃　alone　of　all　〃with　impunity；〃＇5＇　for　this　reason　clearly
  that　such　miscreants　are　held　to　be　destroyers　of　that　friendship＇6＇
  which　binds　the　woman　to　the　husband。　Since　where　by　some　untoward
  chance　a　woman　suffers　violation　of　her　chastity；＇7＇　husbands　do　not
  the　less　honour　them；　as　far　as　that　goes；　provided　true　affection
  still　appear　unsullied。＇8＇
  ＇4＇　Lit。　〃many　of　the　states　have　a　law　and　custom　to；〃　etc。　Cf。　〃Pol。
  Lac。〃　ii。　4。
  ＇5＇　Cf。　Plat。　〃Laws；〃　874　C；　〃if　a　man　find　his　wife　suffering
  violence　he　may　kill　the　violator　and　be　guiltless　in　the　eye　of
  the　law。〃　Dem。　〃in　Aristocr。〃　53；　｛ean　tis　apokteine　en　athlois
  akon　。　。　。　e　epi　damarti；　k。t。l。　。　。　。　touton　eneka　me　pheugein
  kteinanta｝。
  ＇6＇　See　Lys。　〃de　caed　Eratosth。〃　S。　32　f。；　｛outos；　o　andres；　tous
  biazomenous　elattonos　zemias　axious　egesato　einai　e　tous
  peithontas　。　ton　men　gar　thanaton　kategno；　tois　de　diplen　epoiese
  ten　blaben；　egoumenos　tous　men　diaprattomenous　bia　upo　ton
  biasthenton　miseisthai；　tous　de　peisantas　outos　aution　tas　psukhas
  diaphth