第 28 节
作者:津夏      更新:2021-02-27 02:39      字数:9321
  steadfast   in   their   ways;   so   long   as   the   two   are   in   agreement   men   are
  successful; but unsuccessful when they fall out。 For my part I consider that
  it is better to be adventurous than cautious; because fortune is a woman;
  and if you wish to keep her under it is necessary to beat and ill…use her;
  and   it is seen   that   she   allows   herself   to   be   mastered by  the   adventurous
  rather than by those who go to work more coldly。 She is; therefore; always;
  woman…like; a lover of young men; because they are less cautious; more
  violent; and with more audacity command her。
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  CHAPTER XXVI
  AN EXHORTATION TO LIBERATE ITALY FROM THE
  BARBARIANS
  Having carefully considered the subject of the above discourses; and
  wondering within myself whether the present times were propitious to   a
  new     prince;   and    whether     there   were    elements     that  would     give   an
  opportunity to a wise and virtuous one to introduce a new order of things
  which would do honour to him and good to the people of this country; it
  appears   to   me   that   so   many  things   concur to   favour   a  new  prince  that   I
  never knew a time more fit than the present。
  And if; as I said; it was necessary that the people of Israel should be
  captive   so   as   to   make   manifest   the   ability   of   Moses;   that   the   Persians
  should be oppressed by the Medes so as to discover the greatness of the
  soul of Cyrus; and that the Athenians should be dispersed to illustrate the
  capabilities of Theseus: then at the present time; in order to discover the
  virtue of an Italian spirit; it was necessary that Italy should be reduced to
  the extremity that she is now in; that she should be more enslaved than the
  Hebrews;      more    oppressed     than   the  Persians;    more    scattered   than   the
  Athenians; without head; without order; beaten; despoiled; torn; overrun;
  and to have endured every kind of desolation。
  Although lately some spark may have been shown by one; which made
  us think he was ordained by God for our redemption; nevertheless it was
  afterwards seen; in the height of his career; that fortune rejected him; so
  that Italy; left as without life; waits for him who shall yet heal her wounds
  and    put   an  end   to  the  ravaging     and   plundering    of  Lombardy;      to  the
  swindling   and   taxing   of  the kingdom  and   of Tuscany;   and   cleanse   those
  sores that for long have festered。 It is seen how she entreats God to send
  someone       who    shall   deliver    her   from    these   wrongs     and    barbarous
  insolencies。 It is seen also that she is ready and willing to follow a banner
  if only someone will raise it。
  Nor   is   there   to   be   seen   at   present   one   in   whom   she   can   place   more
  hope     than   in  your   illustrious   house;'*'     with   its  valour   and   fortune;
  favoured   by   God   and   by   the   Church   of   which   it   is   now   the   chief;   and
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  which could be made the head of this redemption。 This will not be difficult
  if you will recall to yourself the actions and lives of the men I have named。
  And although they were great and wonderful men; yet they were men; and
  each one of them had no more opportunity than the present offers; for their
  enterprises were neither more just nor easier than this; nor was God more
  their friend than He is yours。
  '*' Giuliano de Medici。 He had just been created a cardinal by Leo X。
  In 1523 Giuliano was elected Pope; and took the title of Clement VII。
  With     us  there   is  great   justice;   because    that   war   is  just  which    is
  necessary; and arms are hallowed when there is no other hope but in them。
  Here there is the greatest willingness; and where the willingness is great
  the difficulties cannot be great if you will only follow those men to whom
  I have directed your attention。  Further than this; how extraordinarily  the
  ways of God have been manifested beyond example: the sea is divided; a
  cloud has led the way; the rock has poured forth water; it has rained manna;
  everything has contributed to your greatness; you ought to do the rest。 God
  is not willing to do everything; and thus take away our free will and that
  share of glory which belongs to us。
  And   it   is not   to   be   wondered   at   if none of the   above…named   Italians
  have   been   able   to   accomplish   all   that   is   expected   from   your   illustrious
  house; and if in so many revolutions in Italy; and in so many campaigns; it
  has    always     appeared     as   if  military   virtue    were    exhausted;     this  has
  happened because the   old order of   things   was   not good;  and none of   us
  have known how to find a new one。 And nothing honours a man more than
  to   establish   new   laws   and   new   ordinances   when   he   himself   was   newly
  risen。   Such   things   when   they   are   well   founded   and   dignified   will   make
  him revered and admired; and in Italy there are not wanting opportunities
  to bring such into use in every form。
  Here there is great valour in the limbs whilst it fails in the head。 Look
  attentively  at   the   duels   and   the   hand…to…hand   combats;   how   superior   the
  Italians   are   in  strength;    dexterity;   and   subtlety。   But   when   it   comes    to
  armies   they   do   not   bear   comparison;   and   this   springs   entirely   from   the
  insufficiency of the leaders; since those who are capable are not obedient;
  and each one seems to himself to know; there having never been any one
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  so   distinguished   above   the   rest;   either   by   valour   or   fortune;   that   others
  would yield to him。 Hence it is that for so long a time; and during so much
  fighting in the past twenty years; whenever there has been an army wholly
  Italian; it has always given a poor account of itself; the first witness to this
  is    Il  Taro;    afterwards      Allesandria;      Capua;      Genoa;      Vaila;   Bologna;
  Mestri。'*'
  '*'   The   battles    of   Il  Taro;   1495;   Alessandria;      1499;   Capua;      1501;
  Genoa; 1507; Vaila; 1509; Bologna; 1511; Mestri; 1513。
  If; therefore; your illustrious house wishes to follow these remarkable
  men who have redeemed their country; it is necessary before all things; as
  a true foundation for every enterprise; to be provided with your own forces;
  because      there   can    be  no   more     faithful;   truer;  or   better   soldiers。    And
  although singly they are good; altogether they will be much better when
  they find themselves commanded by  their prince; honoured by him;  and
  maintained at his   expense。 Therefore   it   is   necessary  to   be   prepared   with
  such     arms;    so  that   you   can   be   defended      against   foreigners     by   Italian
  valour。
  And   although   Swiss   and   Spanish   infantry   may   be   considered   very
  formidable;   nevertheless   there   is   a   defect   in   both;   by  reason   of   which   a
  third   order   would   not   only   be   able   to   oppose   them;   but   might   be   relied
  upon to overthrow them。 For the Spaniards cannot resist cavalry; and the
  Switzers   are   afraid   of   infantry   whenever   they   encounter   them   in   close
  combat。 Owing to this; as has been and may again be seen; the Spaniards
  are   unable   to   resist   French   cavalry;   and   the   Switzers   are   overthrown   by
  Spanish infantry。 And although a complete   proof of this latter cannot be
  shown; nevertheless there was some evidence of it at the battle of Ravenna;
  when   the   Spanish   infantry   were   confronted   by   German   battalions;   who
  follow   the   same   tactics   as   the   Swiss;   when   the   Spaniards;   by   agility   of
  body   and   with   the   aid   of   their   shields;   got   in   under   the   pikes   of   the
  Germans and stood out of danger; able to attack; while the Germans stood
  helpless; and; if the cavalry had not dashed up; all would have been over
  with   them。   It   is   possible;   therefore;   knowing   the   defects   of   both   these
  infantries; to invent a new one; which will resist cavalry and not be afraid
  of infantry; this need not create a new order of arms; but a variation upon
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