第 26 节
作者:津夏      更新:2021-02-27 02:39      字数:9322
  comprehends by itself nor by the showing of others; the first is the most
  excellent;   the   second   is   good;   the   third   is   useless。   Therefore;   it   follows
  necessarily that; if Pandolfo was not in the first rank; he was in the second;
  for whenever one has judgment to know good and bad when it is said and
  done; although he himself may not have the initiative; yet he can recognize
  the good and the bad in his servant; and the one he can praise and the other
  correct; thus the servant cannot hope to deceive him; and is kept honest。
  But to enable a prince to form an opinion of his servant there is one
  test which never fails; when you see the servant thinking more of his own
  interests than of yours; and seeking inwardly his own profit in everything;
  such a man will never make a good servant; nor will you ever be able to
  trust him; because he who has the state of another in his hands ought never
  to think of himself; but always of his prince; and never pay any attention
  to matters in which the prince is not concerned。
  On the other hand; to keep his servant honest the prince ought to study
  him;   honouring   him;   enriching   him;   doing   him   kindnesses;   sharing   with
  him the honours and cares; and at the same time let him see that he cannot
  stand alone; so that many honours may not make him desire more; many
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  riches make him wish for more; and that many cares may make him dread
  chances。 When; therefore; servants; and princes towards servants; are thus
  disposed; they can trust each other; but when it is otherwise; the end will
  always be disastrous for either one or the other。
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  CHAPTER XXIII
  HOW FLATTERERS SHOULD BE AVOIDED
  I do not wish to leave out an important branch of this subject; for it is a
  danger from which princes are   with difficulty preserved; unless they  are
  very careful and discriminating。 It is that of flatterers; of whom courts are
  full; because men are so self…complacent in their own affairs; and in a way
  so deceived in them; that they are preserved with difficulty from this pest;
  and if they wish to defend themselves they run the danger of falling into
  contempt。     Because     there   is  no  other   way    of  guarding    oneself   from
  flatterers except letting men understand that to tell you the truth does not
  offend   you;   but   when   every   one   may   tell   you   the   truth;   respect   for   you
  abates。
  Therefore a wise prince ought to hold a third course by choosing the
  wise men in his state; and giving to them only the liberty of speaking the
  truth to him; and   then only of   those things of which he inquires; and of
  none others; but he ought to question them upon everything; and listen to
  their   opinions;   and   afterwards    form    his  own   conclusions。    With    these
  councillors; separately and collectively; he ought to carry himself in such a
  way that each of them should know that; the more freely he shall speak;
  the more he shall be preferred; outside of these; he should listen to no one;
  pursue the thing resolved on; and be steadfast in his resolutions。 He who
  does otherwise is either overthrown by flatterers; or is so often changed by
  varying opinions that he falls into contempt。
  I wish on this subject to adduce a modern example。 Fra Luca; the man
  of affairs to Maximilian;'*' the present emperor; speaking of his majesty;
  said: He consulted with no one; yet   never got his own way in   anything。
  This arose because of his following a practice the opposite to the above;
  for the emperor is a secretive manhe does not communicate his designs
  to any one; nor does he receive opinions on them。 But as in carrying them
  into effect they become revealed and known; they are at once obstructed
  by those men whom he has around him; and he; being pliant; is diverted
  from them。 Hence it follows that those things he does one day he undoes
  the next; and no one ever understands what he wishes or intends to do; and
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  no one can rely on his resolutions。
  '*'   Maximilian       I;  born   in  1459;    died   1519;    Emperor      of  the   Holy
  Roman   Empire。   He   married;   first;   Mary;   daughter   of   Charles   the   Bold;
  after    her   death;   Bianca     Sforza;    and    thus   became     involved     in   Italian
  politics。
  A  prince;  therefore;  ought   always   to   take   counsel;   but only  when   he
  wishes and not when others wish; he ought rather to discourage every one
  from   offering   advice   unless   he   asks   it;   but;   however;   he   ought   to   be   a
  constant inquirer; and afterwards a patient listener concerning the things of
  which he  inquired; also;  on   learning that   any  one; on   any  consideration;
  has not told him the truth; he should let his anger be felt。
  And     if  there   are   some    who    think    that  a  prince    who     conveys     an
  impression of his wisdom is not so through his own ability; but through the
  good   advisers   that   he   has   around   him;   beyond   doubt   they   are   deceived;
  because this is an axiom which never fails: that a prince who is not wise
  himself will never take good advice; unless by chance he has yielded his
  affairs entirely to one person who happens to be a very prudent man。 In
  this case indeed he may be well governed; but it would not be for long;
  because such a governor would in a short time take away his state from
  him。
  But   if   a   prince   who   is   not   inexperienced   should   take   counsel   from
  more than one he will never get united counsels; nor will he know how to
  unite them。 Each of the counsellors will think of his own interests; and the
  prince   will   not   know   how   to   control   them   or   to   see   through   them。 And
  they are not to found otherwise; because men will always prove untrue to
  you     unless   they    are  kept    honest    by   constraint。    Therefore     it  must    be
  inferred   that   good   counsels;   whencesoever   they   come;   are   born   of   the
  wisdom       of  the   prince;   and    not  the   wisdom      of  the   prince   from    good
  counsels。
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  CHAPTER XXIV
  WHY THE PRINCES OF ITALY HAVE LOST THEIR STATES
  The previous suggestions; carefully observed; will enable a new prince
  to appear well established; and render him at once more secure and fixed
  in the state than if he had been long seated there。 For the actions of a new
  prince   are   more   narrowly  observed than   those   of   an   hereditary  one;   and
  when they are seen to be able they gain more men and bind far tighter than
  ancient blood; because men are attracted more by the present than by the
  past; and when they find the present good they enjoy it and seek no further;
  they will also make the utmost defence of a prince if he fails them not in
  other things。 Thus it will be a double glory for him to have established a
  new   principality;   and   adorned   and   strengthened   it   with   good   laws;   good
  arms; good allies; and with a good example; so will it be a double disgrace
  to him who; born a prince; shall lose his state by want of wisdom。
  And if those seigniors are considered who have lost their states in Italy
  in our times; such as the King of Naples; the Duke of Milan; and others;
  there will be found in them; firstly; one common defect in regard to arms
  from  the   causes   which have   been   discussed   at   length;   in   the   next   place;
  some one of them will be seen; either to have had the people hostile; or if
  he has had the people friendly; he has not known how to secure the nobles。
  In the absence of these defects states that have power enough to keep an
  army in the field cannot be lost。
  Philip of Macedon; not the father of Alexander the Great; but he who
  was conquered by Titus Quintius; had not much territory compared to the
  greatness   of   the   Romans   and   of   Greece   who   attacked   him;   yet   being   a
  warlike man who knew how to attract the people and secure the nobles; he
  sustained the war against his enemies for many years; and if in the end he
  lost the dominion of some cities; nevertheless he retained the kingdom。
  Therefore;  do   not   let   our princes   accuse   fortune   for  the   loss   of   their
  principalities after so many years' pos