第 18 节
作者:津夏      更新:2021-02-27 02:39      字数:9322
  follow up the real truth of the matter than the imagination of it; for many
  have pictured   republics   and   principalities   which   in   fact   have never been
  known   or   seen;   because   how   one   lives   is   so   far   distant   from   how   one
  ought to live; that he who neglects what is done for what ought to be done;
  sooner effects his ruin than his preservation; for a man who wishes to act
  entirely up to his professions of virtue soon meets with what destroys him
  among so much that is evil。
  Hence   it   is   necessary   for   a   prince   wishing   to   hold   his   own   to   know
  how   to   do   wrong;   and   to   make   use   of   it   or   not   according   to   necessity。
  Therefore; putting on one side imaginary things concerning a prince; and
  discussing those which are real; I say that all men when they are spoken of;
  and chiefly princes for being more highly placed; are remarkable for some
  of those qualities which bring them either blame or praise; and thus it is
  that one is reputed liberal; another miserly; using a Tuscan term (because
  an avaricious person in our language is still he who desires to possess by
  robbery; whilst we call one miserly who deprives himself too much of the
  use   of   his   own);   one   is   reputed   generous;  one   rapacious;   one   cruel;   one
  compassionate;         one     faithless;    another     faithful;    one    effeminate      and
  cowardly;      another     bold   and    brave;    one   affable;    another    haughty;     one
  lascivious; another chaste; one sincere; another cunning; one hard; another
  easy; one grave; another frivolous; one religious; another unbelieving; and
  the   like。 And   I   know   that   every   one   will   confess   that   it   would   be   most
  praiseworthy        in  a   prince    to  exhibit    all  the   above     qualities    that   are
  considered good;   but   because  they  can   neither  be   entirely  possessed nor
  observed; for human conditions do not permit it; it is necessary for him to
  be   sufficiently   prudent   that   he   may   know   how   to   avoid   the   reproach   of
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  those vices which would lose him his state; and also to keep himself; if it
  be   possible;   from  those   which   would   not lose   him  it;   but   this   not   being
  possible; he may with less hesitation abandon himself to them。 And again;
  he need not make himself uneasy at incurring a reproach for those vices
  without which the state can only be saved with difficulty; for if everything
  is considered carefully; it will be   found that something which looks   like
  virtue; if followed; would be his ruin; whilst something else; which looks
  like vice; yet followed brings him security and prosperity。
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  CHAPTER XVI
  CONCERNING LIBERALITY AND MEANNESS
  Commencing then with the first of the above…named characteristics; I
  say   that   it   would   be   well   to   be   reputed   liberal。   Nevertheless;   liberality
  exercised in a way that does not bring you the reputation for it; injures you;
  for if one exercises it honestly and as it should be exercised; it may not
  become      known;     and   you   will  not   avoid   the  reproach     of  its  opposite。
  Therefore; any one wishing to maintain among men the name of liberal is
  obliged     to  avoid    no  attribute   of  magnificence;      so   that  a  prince   thus
  inclined will consume in such acts all his property; and will be compelled
  in   the   end;   if   he   wish   to   maintain   the   name   of   liberal;   to   unduly   weigh
  down his people; and tax them; and   do everything he can to get   money。
  This will soon make him odious to his subjects; and becoming poor he will
  be little valued by any one; thus; with his liberality; having offended many
  and rewarded few; he is affected by the very first trouble and imperilled by
  whatever may be the first danger; recognizing this himself; and wishing to
  draw back from it; he runs at once into the reproach of being miserly。
  Therefore; a prince; not being able to exercise this virtue of liberality
  in   such   a   way   that   it   is   recognized;   except   to   his   cost;   if   he   is   wise   he
  ought not to fear the reputation of being mean; for in time he will come to
  be   more    considered     than   if  liberal;  seeing   that  with   his  economy   his
  revenues are enough; that he can defend himself against all attacks; and is
  able to engage in enterprises without burdening his people; thus it comes
  to pass that he exercises liberality towards all from whom he does not take;
  who   are   numberless;   and   meanness   towards   those   to   whom   he   does   not
  give; who are few。
  We have not seen great things done in our time except by those who
  have been considered mean; the rest have failed。 Pope Julius the Second
  was assisted in reaching the papacy by a reputation for liberality; yet he
  did not strive afterwards to keep it up; when he made war on the King of
  France; and he made many wars without imposing any extraordinary tax
  on   his   subjects;   for   he   supplied   his   additional   expenses   out   of   his   long
  thriftiness。    The   present   King    of  Spain    would    not  have    undertaken     or
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  conquered in so many enterprises if he had been reputed liberal。 A prince;
  therefore; provided that he has not to rob his subjects; that he can defend
  himself; that he does not become poor and abject; that he is not forced to
  become   rapacious;   ought   to   hold   of   little   account   a   reputation   for   being
  mean; for it is one of those vices which will enable him to govern。
  And if any one should say: Caesar obtained empire by liberality; and
  many others have reached the highest positions by having been liberal; and
  by being considered so; I answer: Either you are a prince in fact; or in a
  way   to   become   one。   In   the   first   case   this   liberality   is   dangerous;   in   the
  second it is very necessary to be considered liberal; and Caesar was one of
  those who wished to become pre…eminent in Rome; but if he had survived
  after   becoming   so;   and   had   not   moderated   his   expenses;   he   would   have
  destroyed his government。 And if any one should reply: Many have been
  princes;     and    have     done    great    things    with    armies;     who    have     been
  considered very  liberal;   I   reply:   Either   a prince spends that   which   is   his
  own or his subjects' or else that of others。 In the first case he ought to be
  sparing;     in   the   second     he   ought    not   to  neglect     any   opportunity      for
  liberality。 And to the prince who goes forth with his army; supporting it by
  pillage;   sack;   and   extortion;   handling   that   which   belongs   to   others;   this
  liberality   is   necessary;   otherwise   he   would   not   be   followed   by   soldiers。
  And of that which is neither yours nor your subjects' you can be a ready
  giver;   as   were   Cyrus;   Caesar;   and   Alexander;   because   it   does   not   take
  away  your   reputation   if   you   squander  that of   others;  but   adds to it;  it   is
  only squandering your own that injures you。
  And there is nothing wastes so rapidly as liberality; for even whilst you
  exercise   it   you   lose   the   power   to   do   so;   and   so   become   either   poor   or
  despised; or else; in avoiding poverty; rapacious and hated。 And a prince
  should guard himself; above all things; against being despised and hated;
  and liberality leads you to both。 Therefore it is wiser to have a reputation
  for meanness which brings reproach without hatred; than to be compelled
  through   seeking   a   reputation   for   liberality   to   incur   a   name   for   rapacity
  which begets reproach with hatred。
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  CHAPTER XVII
  CONCERNING CRUELTY AND CLEMENCY; AND WHETHER
  IT IS BETTER TO BE LOVED THAN FEARED
  Coming now to the other qualities mentioned above; I say that every
  prince     ought     to   desire    to   be   considered      clement     and    not    cruel。
  Nevertheless   he   ought   to   take   care   not   to   misuse   this   clemency。   Cesare
  Borgia   was   considered   cruel;   notwithstanding;  his   cruelty  reconciled   the
  Romagna;   unified   it;   and   re