第 6 节
作者:津夏      更新:2021-02-27 02:39      字数:9283
  agree   that   he   should   retain   any   lordship   over   the   country。   Because   the
  Romans did in these instances what all prudent princes ought to do; who
  have to regard not only present troubles; but also future ones; for which
  they must prepare with every energy; because; when foreseen; it is easy to
  remedy   them;   but   if   you   wait   until   they   approach;   the   medicine   is   no
  longer in time because the malady has become incurable; for it happens in
  this; as the physicians say it happens in hectic fever; that in the beginning
  of the malady it is easy to cure but difficult to detect; but in the course of
  time;    not   having     been    either   detected    or   treated    in  the   beginning;     it
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  becomes easy to detect but difficult to cure。 This it happens in affairs of
  state;   for   when   the   evils   that   arise   have   been   foreseen   (which   it   is   only
  given   to   a   wise   man   to   see);   they   can   be   quickly   redressed;   but   when;
  through not having been foreseen; they have been permitted to grow in a
  way that every one can see them; there is no longer a remedy。 Therefore;
  the   Romans;   foreseeing   troubles;   dealt   with   them   at   once;   and;   even   to
  avoid a war; would not let them come to a head; for they knew that war is
  not   to   be   avoided;   but   is   only   to   be   put   off   to   the   advantage   of   others;
  moreover they wished to fight with Philip and Antiochus in Greece so as
  not to have to do it in Italy; they could have avoided both; but this they did
  not wish; nor did that ever please them which is for ever in the mouths of
  the wise ones of our time:Let us enjoy the benefits of the timebut rather
  the benefits of their own valour and prudence; for time drives everything
  before it; and is able to bring with it good as well as evil; and evil as well
  as good。
  '*' See remark in the introduction on the word 〃intrattenere。〃
  But let us turn to France and inquire whether she has done any of the
  things mentioned。 I will speak of Louis'*' (and not of Charles'+') as the
  one whose conduct is the better to be observed; he having held possession
  of   Italy   for   the   longest   period;   and   you   will   see   that   he   has   done   the
  opposite to those things which ought to be done to retain a state composed
  of divers elements。
  '*' Louis XII; King of France; 〃The Father of the People;〃 born 1462;
  died 1515。
  '+' Charles VIII; King of France; born 1470; died 1498。
  King   Louis   was brought   into   Italy  by  the   ambition   of the Venetians;
  who desired to obtain half the state of Lombardy by his intervention。 I will
  not blame the course taken by the king; because; wishing to get a foothold
  in   Italy;   and   having   no   friends   thereseeing   rather   that   every   door   was
  shut to him owing to the conduct of Charleshe was forced to accept those
  friendships which he could get; and he would have succeeded very quickly
  in his design if in other matters he had not made some mistakes。 The king;
  however; having acquired Lombardy; regained at once the authority which
  Charles had lost: Genoa yielded;   the Florentines became his friends;   the
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  Marquess of Mantua; the Duke of Ferrara; the Bentivogli; my lady of Forli;
  the Lords of Faenza; of Pesaro; of Rimini; of Camerino; of Piombino; the
  Lucchese;   the   Pisans;   the   Sieneseeverybody   made   advances   to   him   to
  become   his   friend。   Then   could   the  Venetians   realize   the   rashness   of   the
  course taken by them; which; in order that they might secure two towns in
  Lombardy; had made the king master of two…thirds of Italy。
  Let   any   one   now   consider   with   what   little   difficulty   the   king   could
  have maintained his position in Italy had he observed the rules above laid
  down; and kept all his friends secure and protected; for although they were
  numerous   they   were   both   weak   and   timid;   some   afraid   of   the   Church;
  some of the Venetians; and   thus they would always have   been forced to
  stand in with him; and by their means he could easily have made himself
  secure   against   those   who   remained   powerful。   But   he   was   no   sooner   in
  Milan than he did the contrary by assisting Pope Alexander to occupy the
  Romagna。 It never occurred to him that by this action he was weakening
  himself;     depriving     himself    of  friends    and   of   those   who    had    thrown
  themselves into his lap; whilst he aggrandized the Church by adding much
  temporal      power    to  the   spiritual;  thus   giving    it  greater   authority。   And
  having committed this prime error; he was obliged to follow it up; so much
  so   that;   to   put   an   end   to   the   ambition   of Alexander;   and   to   prevent   his
  becoming the master of Tuscany; he was himself forced to come into Italy。
  And   as   if   it   were   not   enough   to   have   aggrandized   the   Church;   and
  deprived himself of friends; he; wishing to have the kingdom of Naples;
  divides it with the King of Spain; and where he was the prime arbiter in
  Italy he takes an associate; so that the ambitious of that country and the
  malcontents of his own should have somewhere to shelter; and whereas he
  could have left in the kingdom his own pensioner as king; he drove him
  out; to put one there who was able to drive him; Louis; out in turn。
  The   wish   to   acquire   is   in   truth   very   natural   and   common;   and   men
  always do so when they can; and for this they will be praised not blamed;
  but when they cannot do so; yet wish to do so by any means; then there is
  folly and blame。 Therefore; if France could have attacked Naples with her
  own forces she ought to have done so; if she could not; then she ought not
  to have divided it。 And if the partition which she made with the Venetians
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  in Lombardy was justified by the excuse that by it she got a foothold in
  Italy; this other partition merited blame; for it had not the excuse of that
  necessity。
  Therefore Louis made these five errors: he destroyed the minor powers;
  he increased the strength of one of the greater powers in Italy; he brought
  in   a   foreign   power;   he   did   not   settle   in   the   country;   he   did   not  send
  colonies。 Which errors; had he lived; were not enough to injure him had he
  not   made   a   sixth   by   taking   away   their   dominions   from   the   Venetians;
  because; had he not aggrandized the Church; nor brought Spain into Italy;
  it   would   have   been   very   reasonable   and   necessary   to   humble   them;   but
  having first taken these steps; he ought never to have consented to their
  ruin;   for   they;   being   powerful;   would   always   have   kept   off   others   from
  designs on Lombardy; to which the Venetians would never have consented
  except to become masters themselves there; also because the others would
  not wish to take Lombardy from France in order to give it to the Venetians;
  and to run counter to both they would not have had the courage。
  And   if   any   one   should   say:   〃King   Louis   yielded   the   Romagna           to
  Alexander and the kingdom to Spain to avoid war; I answer for the reasons
  given   above   that   a   blunder   ought   never   to   be   perpetrated   to   avoid   war;
  because it is not to be avoided; but is only deferred to your disadvantage。
  And if another should allege the pledge which the king had given to the
  Pope     that  he   would     assist  him   in   the  enterprise;    in  exchange      for  the
  dissolution of his marriage'*' and for the cap to Rouen;'+' to that I reply
  what I shall write later on concerning the faith of princes; and how it ought
  to be kept。
  '*'   Louis   XII   divorced   his   wife;   Jeanne;   daughter   of   Louis   XI;   and
  married   in   1499   Anne   of   Brittany;   widow   of   Charles   VIII;   in   order   to
  retain the Duchy of Brittany for the crown。
  '+' The Archbishop of Rouen。 He was Georges d'Amboise; created a
  cardinal by Alexander VI。 Born 1460; died 1510。
  Thus   King   Louis   lost   Lombardy   by   not   having   followed   any   of   the
  conditions observed by those who have taken possession of countries and
  wished to retain them。 Nor is there any miracle in this; but much that is
  reasonable and quite natural。 And on these matters I spoke at Nantes with