第 4 节
作者:津夏      更新:2021-02-27 02:39      字数:9322
  five   acts;   with   prologue   in   verse;   1513;   Della   lingua   (dialogue);   1514;
  Clizia;   comedy   in   prose;   1515   (?);   Belfagor   arcidiavolo   (novel);   1515;
  Asino d'oro (poem in terza rima); 1517; Dell' arte della guerra; 1519…20;
  Discorso sopra il riformare lo stato di Firenze; 1520; Sommario delle cose
  della citta di Lucca; 1520; Vita di Castruccio Castracani da Lucca; 1520;
  Istorie fiorentine; 8 books; 1521…5; Frammenti storici; 1525。
  Other      poems       include     Sonetti;     Canzoni;       Ottave;     and     Canti
  carnascialeschi。
  Editions。 Aldo; Venice; 1546; della Tertina; 1550; Cambiagi; Florence;
  6   vols。;   1782…5;   dei   Classici;   Milan;   10   1813;   Silvestri;   9   vols。;   1820…2;
  Passerini; Fanfani; Milanesi; 6 vols。 only published; 1873…7。
  Minor works。 Ed。 F。 L。 Polidori; 1852; Lettere familiari; ed。 E。 Alvisi;
  1883; 2 editions; one with excisions; Credited Writings; ed。 G。 Canestrini;
  1857; Letters to F。 Vettori; see A。 Ridolfi; Pensieri intorno allo scopo di N。
  Machiavelli        nel   libro    Il  Principe;     etc。;   D。    Ferrara;    The     Private
  Correspondence of Nicolo Machiavelli; 1929。
  DEDICATION
  To the Magnificent Lorenzo Di Piero De' Medici:
  Those     who     strive   to  obtain    the   good    graces     of  a   prince    are
  accustomed       to   come    before    him   with   such    things   as  they   hold    most
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  precious; or in   which   they  see   him take   most delight;   whence one often
  sees   horses;   arms;   cloth   of   gold;   precious   stones;   and   similar   ornaments
  presented to princes; worthy of their greatness。
  Desiring therefore to present myself to your Magnificence with some
  testimony      of   my   devotion     towards     you;   I  have    not  found     among     my
  possessions anything which I hold more dear than; or value so much as;
  the knowledge of the actions of great men; acquired by long experience in
  contemporary   affairs;   and   a   continual   study   of   antiquity;   which;   having
  reflected upon it with great and prolonged diligence; I now send; digested
  into a little volume; to your Magnificence。
  And     although      I   may     consider     this    work     unworthy       of   your
  countenance;   nevertheless   I   trust   much   to   your   benignity   that   it   may   be
  acceptable; seeing that it is not possible for me to make a better gift than to
  offer you the opportunity of understanding   in the shortest time all that   I
  have   learnt   in   so   many   years;   and   with   so   many   troubles   and   dangers;
  which work I have not embellished with swelling or magnificent words;
  nor   stuffed   with   rounded   periods;   nor   with   any   extrinsic   allurements   or
  adornments   whatever;   with   which   so   many   are   accustomed   to   embellish
  their works; for I have wished either that no honour should be given it; or
  else   that   the   truth   of   the   matter   and   the   weightiness   of   the   theme   shall
  make it acceptable。
  Nor do I hold with those who regard it as a presumption if a man of
  low     and   humble     condition     dare   to  discuss    and   settle   the  concerns     of
  princes;   because;   just   as   those   who   draw   landscapes   place   themselves
  below in the plain to contemplate the nature of the mountains and of lofty
  places; and in order to contemplate the plains place themselves upon high
  mountains; even so to understand the nature of the people it needs to be a
  prince; and to understand that of princes it needs to be of the people。
  Take then; your Magnificence; this little gift in the spirit in which I
  send it; wherein; if it be diligently read and considered by you; you will
  learn    my    extreme     desire    that  you    should    attain   that  greatness     which
  fortune and your other attributes promise。 And if your Magnificence from
  the summit of your greatness will sometimes turn your eyes to these lower
  regions;   you   will   see   how   unmeritedly   I   suffer   a   great   and   continued
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  malignity of fortune。
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  CHAPTER I
  HOW MANY KINDS OF PRINCIPALITIES THERE ARE; AND
  BY WHAT MEANS THEY ARE ACQUIRED
  All states; all powers; that have held and hold rule over men have been
  and are either republics or principalities。
  Principalities are either hereditary; in which the family has been long
  established; or they are new。
  The new are either entirely new; as was Milan to Francesco Sforza; or
  they are; as it were; members annexed to the hereditary state of the prince
  who has acquired them; as was the kingdom of Naples to that of the King
  of Spain。
  Such   dominions   thus   acquired   are   either   accustomed   to   live   under   a
  prince; or to live in freedom; and are acquired either by the arms of the
  prince himself; or of others; or else by fortune or by ability。
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  CHAPTER II
  CONCERNING HEREDITARY PRINCIPALITIES
  I   will   leave   out   all   discussion   on   republics;   inasmuch   as   in   another
  place   I   have   written   of   them   at   length;   and   will   address   myself   only   to
  principalities。   In   doing   so   I   will   keep   to   the   order   indicated   above;   and
  discuss how such principalities are to be ruled and preserved。
  I say at once there are fewer difficulties in holding hereditary states;
  and those long accustomed to the family of their prince; than new ones; for
  it is sufficient only not to transgress the customs of his ancestors; and to
  deal   prudently  with   circumstances   as   they  arise;   for   a   prince   of   average
  powers   to   maintain   himself   in   his   state;   unless   he   be   deprived   of   it   by
  some extraordinary and excessive force; and if he should be so deprived of
  it; whenever anything sinister happens to the usurper; he will regain it。
  We   have   in   Italy;   for   example;   the   Duke   of   Ferrara;   who   could   not
  have withstood the attacks of the Venetians in '84; nor those of Pope Julius
  in   '10;   unless   he   had   been   long   established   in   his   dominions。   For   the
  hereditary   prince   has   less   cause   and   less   necessity   to   offend;   hence   it
  happens that he will be more loved; and unless extraordinary vices cause
  him     to  be   hated;   it  is  reasonable     to  expect    that   his  subjects    will   be
  naturally well disposed towards him; and in the antiquity and duration of
  his rule the memories and motives that make for change are lost; for one
  change always leaves the toothing for another。
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  CHAPTER III
  CONCERNING MIXED PRINCIPALITIES
  But the difficulties occur in a new principality。 And firstly; if it be not
  entirely    new;   but   is;  as  it  were;   a  member      of  a  state  which;    taken
  collectively;   may be   called composite;   the changes arise   chiefly from  an
  inherent difficulty which there is in all new principalities; for men change
  their rulers willingly; hoping to better themselves; and this hope induces
  them to take up arms against him who rules: wherein they are deceived;
  because   they  afterwards   find   by  experience   they  have   gone   from  bad   to
  worse。 This follows also on another natural and common necessity; which
  always causes a new prince to burden those who have submitted to him
  with his soldiery and with infinite other hardships which he must put upon
  his new acquisition。
  In this way you have enemies in all those whom you have injured in
  seizing that principality;  and you are not able to keep those friends   who
  put you there because of your not being able to satisfy them in the way
  they expected; and you cannot take strong measures against them; feeling
  bound to them。 For; although one may be very strong in armed forces; yet
  in entering a province one has always need of the goodwill of the natives。
  For these reasons Louis the Twelfth; King of