nature；　and　in　that　it　is　incumbent　on　both　alike　to　deal　in　a
  dispassionate；　not　to　say　impersonal；　way　each　with　the
  particular　segment　of　apparatus　and　process　entrusted　to　his
  care；　as　is　right　and　good　for　any　official　entrusted　with　given
  details　of　bureaucratic　routine。
  The　exacting　duties　that　remain　personally　incumbent　on　the
  academic　executive；　and　claiming　his　ordinary　and　continued
  attention；　therefore；　are　those　of　his　own　official　prestige　on
  the　one　hand；　and　the　selection；　preferment；　rejection　and
  proscription　of　members　of　the　academic　staff。　These　two　lines　of
  executive　duty　are　closely　correlated；　not　only　in　that　the　staff
  is　necessarily　to　be　selected　with　a　view　to　their　furthering　the
  prestige　of　their　chief　and　his　university；　but　also　in　that　the
  executive's　experience　in　the　course　of　this　enterprise　in
  publicity　goes　far　to　shape　his　ideals　of　scholarly　endeavour　and
  to　establish　his　standards　of　expediency　and　efficiency　in　the
  affairs　of　learning。
  By　usage；　guided；　no　doubt；　by　a　shrewd　sense　of　expediency
  in　the　choice　of　means；　it　has；　in　the　typical　case；　come　to　be
  the　settled　policy　of　these　incumbents　of　executive　office　to
  seek　the　competitively　requisite　measure　of　public　prestige
  chiefly　by　way　of　public　oratory。　Now　and　again　his　academic
  rank；　backed　by　the　slow…dying　tradition　that　his　office　should
  be　filled　by　a　man　of　scholarly　capacity；　will　bring　the
  incumbent　before　some　scientific　body　or　other；　where　he　commonly
  avoids　offence。　But；　as　has　been　remarked　above；　it　is　the　laity
  that　is　to　be　impressed　and　kept　propitiously　in　mind　of　the
  executive　and　his　establishment；　and　it　is　therefore　the　laity
  that　is　to　be　conciliated　with　presidential　addresses；　it　is　also
  to　the　laity　that　the　typical　academic　executive　is　competent　to
  speak　without　stultification。　Hence　the　many　edifying　addresses
  before　popular　audiences；　at　commencements；　inaugurations；
  dedications；　club　meetings；　church　festivals；　and　the　like。　So
  that　an　executive　who　aspires　to　do　his　whole　duty　in　these
  premises　will　become　in　some　sort　an　itinerant　dispensary　of
  salutary　verbiage；　and　university　presidents　have　so　come　to　be
  conventionally　indispensable　for　the　effusion　of　graceful　speech
  at　all　gatherings　of　the　well…to…do　for　convivial　deliberation　on
  the　state　of　mankind　at　large。（7*）
  Throughout　this　elocutionary　enterprise　there　runs　the
  rigorous　prescription　that　the　speaker　must　avoid　offence；　that
  his　utterances　must　be　of　a　salutary　order；　since　the　purpose　of
  it　all　is　such　conciliation　of　goodwill　as　will　procure　at　least
  the　passive　good　offices　of　those　who　are　reached　by　the
  presidential　run　of　language。　But；　by　and　large；　it　is　only
  platitudes　and　racy　anecdotes　that　may　be　counted　on　to　estrange
  none　of　the　audiences　before　which　it　is　worth　while　for　the
  captains　of　erudition　to　make　their　plea　for　sanity　and　renown。
  Hence　the　peculiarly；　not　to　say　exuberantly；　inane　character　of
  this　branch　of　oratory；　coupled　with　an　indefatigable　optimism
  and　good…nature。　This　outcome　is　due　neither　to　a　lack　of
  application　nor　of　reflection　on　the　part　of　the　speakers；　it　is；
  indeed；　a　finished　product　of　the　homiletical　art　and　makes　up
  something　of　a　class　of　its　own　among　the　artistic　achievements
  of　the　race。　At　the　same　time　it　is　a　means　to　an　end。（8*）
  However；　the　clay　sticks　to　the　sculptor's　thumb；　as　the
  meal…dust　powders　the　miller's　hair　and　the　cobbler　carries
  sensible　traces　of　the　pitch　that　goes　into　his　day's　work；　and
  as　the　able…bodied　seaman　〃walks　with　a　rolling　gait。〃　So　also
  the　university　executive；　who　by　pressure　of　competitive
  enterprise　comes　to　be　all　things　to　all　audiences；　will　come
  also　to　take　on　the　colour　of　his　own　philandropic
  pronouncements；　to　believe；　more　or　less　conveniently；　in　his　own
  blameless　utterances。　They　necessarily　commit　him　to　a　pro　forma
  observance　of　their　tenor；　they　may；　of　course；　be　desired　as
  perfunctory　conciliation；　simply；　but　in　carrying　conviction　to
  the　audience　the　speaker's　eloquence　unavoidably　bends　his　own
  convictions　in　some　degree。　And　not　only　does　the　temper　of　the
  audience　sympathetically　affect　that　of　the　speaker；　as　does　also
  his　familiar　contact　with　the　same　range　of　persons；　such　as　goes
  with　and　takes　a　chief　place　in　this　itinerant　edification；　but
  there　is　also　the　opportunity　which　all　this　wide…ranging
  itinerary　of　public　addresses　affords　for　feeling　out　the　state
  of　popular　sentiment；　as　to　what　ends　the　university　is　expected
  to　serve　and　how　it　is　expected　best　to　serve　them。　Particularly
  do　the　solemn　amenities　of　social　intercourse　associated　with
  this　promulgation　of　lay　sermons　lend　themselves　felicitously　to
  such　a　purpose；　and　this　contact　with　the　public　and　its
  spokesmen　doubtless　exercises　a　powerful　control　over　the
  policies　pursued　by　these　academic　executives；　in　that　it　affords
  them　the　readiest；　and　at　the　same　time　the　most　habitual；
  indication　as　to　what　line　of　policy　and　what　details　of　conduct
  will　meet　with　popular　approval；　and　what　will　not。
  Since；　then；　it　is　necessarily　the　endeavour　of　the
  competitive　executives　to　meet　the　desires　of　their　public　as
  best　they　can；　consistently　with　the　demands　of　magnitude　and
  閏lat　imposed　by　their　position　as　chiefs　of　these　competitive
  concerns；　it　becomes　a　question　of　some　moment　what　the　character
  of　this　select　public　opinion　may　be；　to　which　their
  peregrinations　expose　them；　and　how　far　and　with　what　limitations
  the　public　opinion　that　so　habitually　impinges　on　their
  sensibilities　and　shapes　their　canons　of　procedure　may　be　taken
  as　reflecting　the　sentiments　of　the　public　at　large；　or　of　any
  given　class　of　the　population。
  The　public　that　so　contributes　to　the　habitual　bent　of　the
  academic　executives　is　necessarily　a　select　fraction　of　the
  laity；　of　course；　　self…selected　by　virtue　of　membership　in　the
  various　clubs；　churches　and　other　like　organizations　under　whose
  auspices　the　edification　and　amenities　in　question　are　commonly
  brought　into　bearing；　or　by　virtue　of　voluntary　attendance　at
  these　occasions　of　quasi…culture　and　gentility。　It　is　somewhat
  exclusive　fragment　of　the　public；　pecuniarily　of　a　middling
  grade；　as　is　indeed　also　its　case　in　other　than　the　pecuniary
  respect。　Apart　from　the　（very　consequential）　convivial　gatherings
  where　businessmen　will　now　and　again　come　together　and　lend　a
  genial　ear　to　these　executive　spokesmen　of　philandropism；　it　will
  be　found　that　at　the　audiences；　and　at　their　attendant
  solemnities　of　hospitality；　the　assembly　is　made　up　of　very　much
  the　same　elements　as　make　up　the　effective　constituency　of　the
  moderately　well…to…do　churches。（9*）　Neither　the　small　minority　of
  the　wholly　idle　rich；　nor　the　great　majority　who　work　with　their
  hands；　are　present　in　appreciable　force；　particularly　not　the
  latter；　who　are　busy　elsewhere；　nor　do　the　learned　class　come　in
  evidence　in　this　connection；　　except；　of　course；　the　〃scholars
  by　appointment；〃　within　whose　official　competency　lie　precisely
  such　occasions　of　public　evidence。
  Doubtless；　the　largest；　tone…giving　and　effective；
  constituent　in　this　self…selected　public　on　whose　temper　the
  university　president　typically　leans；　and　from　whose　bent　his
  canons　of　circumspection　are　drawn；　is　the　class　of　moderately
  well…to…do　and　serious…minded　women　who　have　outlived　the
  distractions　of　maternity；　and　so　have　come　to　turn　their
  parental　solicitude　to　the　common　good；　conceived　as　a
  sterilization　of　the　proprieties。　The　controlling　ideals　of
  efficiency　and　expediency　in　the　affairs　of　the　higher　learning
  accordingly；　in　so　far　as　they　are　not　a　precipitate　of
  competitive　business　principles　simply；　will　be　chiefly　of　this
  derivation。　Not　that　the　captains　of　erudition　need　intimately
  harbour　precisely　those　notions　of　scholarship　which　this
  constituency　would　enjoin　upon　them；　and　for　which　they　dutifully
  speak　in　their　conciliatory　sermons　before　these　audiences；　but
  just　as　happens　in　all　competitive　retail　business　that　has　to
  deal　with　a　large　and　critical　constituency；　so　here；　　the
  captains　find　themselves　constrained　in　their　management　of　the
  affairs　of　learning　to　walk　blamelessly　in　the　sight　of　this
  quasi…public　spirited　wing　of　the　laity　that　has　by　force　of
  circumstances　come　to　constitute　the　public；　as　se