elsewhere；　in　that　it　permits　none　of　the　competitors　to　forego
  any　expedient　that　has　been　found　advantageous　by　any　one　of
  them。　So　that；　whatever　course　might　be　dictated　by　the
  sentiments　of　the　directorate；　the　course　enjoined　by　the
  principles　of　competitive　business　sets　toward　the　suppression　or
  elimination　of　all　such　scholarly　or　scientific　work　from　the
  university　as　does　not　contribute　immediately　to　its　prestige；
  except　so　far　as　the　conditions　alluded　to　make　such　a　course
  impracticable。
  It　is　not　an　easy　or　a　graceful　matter　for　a　businesslike
  executive　to　get　rid　of　any　undecorative　or　indecorous　scientist；
  whose　only　fault　is　an　unduly　pertinacious　pursuit　of　the　work
  for　which　alone　the　university　claims　to　exist；　whose　failure
  consists　in　living　up　to　the　professions　of　the　executive　instead
  of　professing　to　live　up　to　them。　Academic　tradition　gives　a
  broad；　though　perhaps　uncertain；　sanction　to　the　scientific
  spirit　that　moves　this　obscure　element　in　the　academic　body。　And
  then；　their　more　happily　gifted；　more　worldly…wise　colleagues
  have　also　a　degree　of　respect　for　such　a　single…minded　pursuit　of
  knowledge；　even　while　they　may　view　these　naive　children　of
  impulse　with　something　of　an　amused　compassion；　for　the　general
  body　of　the　academic　staff　is　still　made　up　largely　of　men　who
  have　started　out　with　scholarly　ideals；　even　though　these　ideals
  may　have　somewhat　fallen　away　from　them　under　the　rub　of
  expediency。　At　least　in　a　genial；　speculative　sense　of　the
  phrase；　scholarship　still　outranks　official　preferment　in　the
  esteem　of　the　generality　of　academic　men；　particularly　so　long　as
  the　question　does　not　become　personal　and　touch　their　own
  preferment。　In　great　part　the　academic　corps　still　understands
  and　appreciates　the　scholarly　animus；　and　looks；　on　the　whole；
  kindly　and　sympathetically　　indeed；　with　a　touch　of　envy　　on
  those　among　them　who　are　so　driven　to　follow　their　own　scientific
  bent；　to　the　neglect　of　expedient　gentility　and　publicity。
  The　like　can；　of　course；　not　be　so　freely　said　of　that　body
  of　businessmen　in　whom　is　vested　the　final　control；　yet　this
  sentiment　of　genial　approval　that　pervades　the　academic　body
  finds　some　vague　response　even　among　these；　and　in　any　event　it
  is　always　to　be　reckoned　with　and　is　not　to　be　outraged；　unless
  for　a　good　and　valuable　consideration。　It　can　not　altogether　be
  set　aside；　although；　it　is　true；　the　conduct　of　certain　executive
  heads；　grown　old　in　autocratic　rule　and　self…complacency；　may　at
  times　appear　to　argue　the　contrary。　So　that；　by　and　large；　there
  results　an　unstable　compromise　between　the　requirements　of
  scholarly　fitness　and　those　of　competitive　enterprise；　with　a
  doubtful　and　shifting　issue。　Just　at　present；　under　the　firm　hand
  of　an　enterprising　and　autocratic　executive；　the　principles　of
  competitive　business　are　apparently　gaining　ground　in　the　greater
  universities；　where　the　volume　of　traffic　helps　to　cloud　the
  details　of　suppression；　and　the　cult　of　learning　is　gradually
  falling　into　a　more　precarious　position。
  In　a　curious　way；　too；　the　full　swing　of　business　principles
  in　academic　life　is　hindered　by　the　necessary　ways　and　means
  through　which　these　principles　are　worked　out；　so　much　so；
  indeed；　as　to　throw　a　serious　doubt　on　their　ultimately　achieving
  an　undivided　dominion。　Taken　as　a　business　concern；　the
  university　is　in　a　very　singular　position。　The　reason　for　its
  being；　at　all；　is　the　educational　aspiration　that　besets　modern
  mankind。　Its　only　ostensible　reason　for　being；　and　so　for　its
  being　governed　and　managed；　competitively　or　otherwise；　is　the
  advancement　of　learning。　And　this　advancement　of　learning　is　in
  no　degree　a　business　proposition；　and　yet　it　must；　for　the
  present　at　least；　remain　the　sole　ostensible　purpose　of　the
  businesslike　university。　In　the　main；　therefore；　all　the
  competitive　endeavours　and　manoeuvres　of　the　captains　of
  erudition　in　charge　must　be　made　under　cover　of　an　ostensible
  endeavour　to　further　this　non…competitive　advancement　of
  learning；　at　all　costs。　Since　learning　is　not　a　competitive
  matter；　since；　indeed；　competition　in　any　guise　or　bearing　in
  this　field　is　detrimental　to　learning；　the　competitive　manoeuvres
  of　the　academic　executive　must　be　carried　on　surreptitiously；　in
  a　sense；　cloaked　as　a　non…competitive　campaign　for　the　increase
  of　knowledge　without　fear　or　favour。
  All　this　places　the　executive　in　a　very　delicate　position。　On
  the　one　hand　the　principles　of　competitive　business；　embodied　in
  a　plenary　board　of　control　and　in　a　critical　scrutiny　from　the
  side　of　the　business　community　at　large；　demand　that　all
  appointments；　promotions；　dismissals；　ceremonials；　pronouncements
  and　expenditures；　must　be　made　with　a　constant　view　to　their
  highest　advertising　effect；　whereas　the　notions　current　as　to
  what　is　fitting　in　a　seminary　of　the　higher　learning；　on　the
  other　hand；　somewhat　incongruously　demand　that　all　these　deeds　of
  commission　and　omission　be　done　with　an　eye　single　to　the
  increase　of　knowledge；　regardless　of　appearances。　And　this　double
  responsibility　falls；　of　necessity；　on　the　executive　head　of　the
  university；　under　the　present　r間ime　of　centralized　autocratic
  rule。　Any　ethical　code　that　shall　permit　the　executive　head　to
  accomplish　what　is　expected　of　him　in　the　way　of　a　competitive
  enterprise　under　these　circumstances；　will　necessarily　be　vague
  and　shifty；　not　to　and　men　who　have　tried　to　do　say　tenuous　and
  shadowy；　their　whole　duty　in　these　premises　are　ready　to　admit
  that　they　have　been　called　on　to　face　many　distasteful
  situations；　where　honesty　would　not　approve　itself　as　the　best
  policy。（1*）
  Whatever　expedients　of　decorative　real…estate；　spectacular
  pageantry；　bureaucratic　magnificence；　elusive　statistics；
  vocational　training；　genteel　solemnities　and　sweat…shop
  instruction；　may　be　imposed　by　the　exigencies　of　a　competitive
  business　policy；　the　university　is　after　all　a　seat　of　learning；
  devoted　to　the　cult　of　the　idle　curiosity；　　otherwise　called
  the　scientific　spirit。　And　stultification；　broad　and　final；　waits
  on　any　university　directorate　that　shall　dare　to　avow　any　other
  end　as　its　objective。　So　the　appearance　of　an　unwavering　devotion
  to　the　pursuit　of　knowledge　must　be　kept　up。　Hence　the　presence
  of　scholars　and　scientists　of　accepted　standing　is　indispensable
  to　the　university；　as　a　means　of　keeping　up　its　prestige。　The
  need　of　them　may　be　a　need　of　their　countenance　rather　than　of
  their　work；　but　they　are　indispensable；　and　they　bring　with　them
  the　defects　of　their　qualities。　When　a　man　achieves　such
  notoriety　for　scientific　attainments　as　to　give　him　a　high　value
  as　an　article　of　parade；　the　chances　are　that　he　is　endowed　with
  some　share　of　the　scientific　animus；　and　he　is　likely　to　have
  fallen　into　the　habit　of　rating　the　triumphs　of　science　above
  those　of　the　market　place。　Such　a　person　will　almost　unavoidably
  affect　the　spirit　of　any　academic　corps　into　which　he　is
  intruded。　He　will　also；　in　a　measure；　bend　the　forces　of　the
  establishment　to　a　long…term　efficiency　in　the　pursuit　of
  knowledge；　rather　than　to　the　pursuit　of　a　reputable　notoriety
  from　day　to　day。　To　the　enterprising　captain　of　erudition　he　is
  likely　to　prove　costly　and　inconvenient；　but　he　is　unavoidable。
  This　will　hold　true　in　a　general　way；　and　with　due
  exceptions；　for　men　prominent　in　those　material　sciences　that
  have　to　do　with　data　of　such　a　tangible　character；　and　give　their
  results　in　such　terms　of　mechanical　fact；　as　to　permit　a　passably
  close　appreciation　of　their　worth　by　the　laity。　It　applies　only
  more　loosely；　with　larger　exceptions　and　a　wider　margin　of　error；
  in　the　humanities　and　the　so…called　moral　and　social　sciences。　In
  this　latter　field　a　clamorous　conformity　to　current
  prepossessions；　particularly　the　conventional　prepossessions　of
  respectability；　or　an　edifying　and　incisive　rehearsal　of
  commonplaces；　will　commonly　pass　in　popular　esteem　for　scholarly
  and　scientific　merit。　A　truculent　quietism　is　often　accepted　as　a
  mark　of　scientific　maturity。　The　reason　for　this　will　appear
  presently。　But　so　far　as　popular　esteem　is　a　truthful　index　of
  scientific　achievement。　the　proposition　holds；　that　scientists
  who　have　done　great　things　have　a　business　value　to　the　captain
  of　erudition　as　a　means　of　advancing　the　university's　prestige；
  and　so