dinner；　or　the　grandstand　on　some　red…letter　day　of
  intercollegiate　athletics。（4*）　For　the　purposes　of　a　reputable
  notoriety　the　everyday　work　of　the　classroom　and　laboratory　is
  also　not　so　effective　as　lectures　to　popular　audiences　outside；
  especially；　perhaps；　addresses　before　an　audience　of　devout　and
  well…to…do　women。　Indeed；　all　this　is　well　approved　by
  experience。　In　many　and　devious　ways；　therefore；　a　university　man
  may　be　able　to　serve　the　collective　enterprise　of　his　university
  to　better　effect　than　by　an　exclusive　attention　to　the　scholastic
  work　on　which　alone　he　is　ostensibly　engaged。
  Among　the　consequences　that　follow　is　a　constant　temptation
  for　the　members　of　the　staff　to　take　on　work　outside　of　that　for
  which　the　salary　is　nominally　paid。　Such　work　takes　the　public
  eye；　but　a　further　incentive　to　go　into　this　outside　and
  non…academic　work；　as　well　as　to　take　on　supernumerary　work
  within　the　academic　schedule；　lies　in　the　fact　that　such　outside
  or　supernumerary　work　is　specially　paid；　and　so　may　help　to　eke
  out　a　sensibly　scant　livelihood。　So　far　as　touches　the　more
  scantily　paid　grades　of　university　men；　and　so　far　as　no　alien
  considerations　come　in　to　trouble　the　working…out　of　business
  principles；　the　outcome　may　be　schematized　somewhat　as　follows。
  These　men　have；　at　the　outset；　gone　into　the　university
  presumably　from　an　inclination　to　scholarly　or　scientific
  pursuits；　it　is　not　probable　that　they　have　been　led　into　this
  calling　by　the　pecuniary　inducements；　which　are　slight　as
  compared　with　the　ruling　rates　of　pay　in　the　open　market　for
  other　work　that　demands　an　equally　arduous　preparation　and　an
  equally　close　application。　They　have　then　been　apportioned　rather
  more　work　as　instructors　than　they　can　take　care　of　in　the　most
  efficient　manner；　at　a　rate　of　pay　which　is　sensibly　scant　for
  the　standard　of　（conspicuous）　living　conventionally　imposed　on
  them。　They　are；　by　authority；　expected　to　expend　time　and　means
  in　such　polite　observances；　spectacles　and　quasi…learned
  exhibitions　as　are　presumed　to　enhance　the　prestige　of　the
  university。　They　are　so　induced　to　divert　their　time　and　energy
  to　spreading　abroad　the　university's　good　repute　by　creditable
  exhibitions　of　a　quasi…scholarly　character；　which　have　no
  substantial　bearing　on　a　university　man's　legitimate　interests；
  as　well　as　in　seeking　supplementary　work　outside　of　their
  mandatory　schedule；　from　which　to　derive　an　adequate　livelihood
  and　to　fill　up　the　complement　of　politely　wasteful　expenditures
  expected　of　them。　The　academic　instruction　necessarily　suffers　by
  this　diversion　of　forces　to　extra…scholastic　objects；　and　the
  work　of　inquiry；　which　may　have　primarily　engaged　their　interest
  and　which　is　indispensable　to　their　continued　efficiency　as
  teachers；　is；　in　the　common　run　of　cases；　crowded　to　one　side　and
  presently　drops　out　of　mind。　Like　other　workmen；　under　pressure
  of　competition　the　members　of　the　academic　staff　will　endeavour
  to　keep　up　their　necessary　income　by　cheapening　their　product　and
  increasing　their　marketable　output。　And　by　consequence　of　this
  pressure　of　bread…winning　and　genteel　expenditure；　these
  university　men　are　so　barred　out　from　the　serious　pursuit　of
  those　scientific　and　scholarly　inquiries　which　alone　can；
  academically　speaking；　justify　their　retention　on　the　university
  faculty；　and　for　the　sake　of　which；　in　great　part　at　least；　they
  have　chosen　this　vocation。　No　infirmity　more　commonly　besets
  university　men　than　this　going　to　seed　in　routine　work　and
  extra…scholastic　duties。　They　have　entered　on　the　academic　career
  to　find　time；　place；　facilities　and　congenial　environment　for　the
  pursuit　of　knowledge；　and　under　pressure　they　presently　settle
  down　to　a　round　of　perfunctory　labour　by　means　of　which　to
  simulate　the　life　of　gentlemen。（5*）
  Before　leaving　the　topic　it　should　further　be　remarked　that
  the　dissipation　incident　to　these　polite　amenities；　that　so　are
  incumbent　on　the　academic　personnel；　apparently　also　has
  something　of　a　deteriorative　effect　on　their　working　capacity；
  whether　for　scholarly　or　for　worldly　uses。　Prima　facie　evidence
  to　this　effect　might　be　adduced；　but　it　is　not　easy　to　say　how
  far　the　evidence　would　bear　closer　scrutiny。　There　is　an
  appreciable　amount　of　dissipation；　in　its　several　sorts；　carried
  forward　in　university　circles　in　an　inconspicuous　manner；　and　not
  designed　for　publicity。　How　far　this　is　induced　by　a　loss　of
  interest　in　scholarly　work；　due　to　the　habitual　diversion　of　the
  scholars'　energies　to　other　and　more　exacting　duties；　would　be
  hard　to　say；　as　also　how　far　it　may　be　due　to　the　lead　given　by
  men…of…the…world　retained　on　the　faculties　for　other　than
  scholarly　reasons。　At　the　same　time　there　is　the　difficulty　that
  many　of　those　men　who　bear　a　large　part　in　the　ceremonial
  dissipation　incident　to　the　enterprise　in　publicity　are　retained；
  apparently；　for　their　proficiency　in　this　line　as　much　as　for
  their　scholarly　attainments；　or　at　least　so　one　might　infer；　and
  these　men　must　be　accepted　with　the　defects　of　their　qualities。
  As　bearing　on　this　whole　matter　of　pomp　and　circumstance；
  social　amenities　and　ritual　dissipation；　quasi…learned
  demonstrations　and　meretricious　publicity；　in　academic　life；　it
  is　difficult　beyond　hope　of　a　final　answer　to　determine　how　much
  of　it　is　due　directly　to　the　masterful　initiative　of　the　strong
  man　who　directs　the　enterprise；　and　how　much　is　to　be　set　down　to
  an　innate　proclivity　for　all　that　sort　of　thing　on　the　part　of
  the　academic　personnel。　A　near　view　of　these　phenomena　leaves　the
  impression　that　there　is；　on　the　whole；　less　objection　felt　than
  expressed　among　the　academic　men　with　regard　to　this　routine　of
  demonstration；　that　the　reluctance　with　which　they　pass　under　the
  ceremonial　yoke　is　not　altogether　ingenuous；　all　of　which　would
  perhaps　hold　true　even　more　decidedly　as　applied　to　the　faculty
  households。（6*）　But　for　all　that；　it　also　remains　true　that
  without　the　initiative　and　countenance　of　the　executive　head
  these　boyish　movements　of　sentimental　spectacularity　on　the　part
  of　the　personnel　would　come　to　little；　by　comparison　with　what
  actually　takes　place。　It　is　after　all　a　matter　for　executive
  discretion；　and；　from　whatever　motives；　this　diversion　of　effort
  to　extra…scholastic　ends　has　the　executive　sanction；（7*）　with　the
  result　that　an　intimate　familiarity　with　current　academic　life　is
  calculated　to　raise　the　question　whether　make…believe　does　not；
  after　all；　occupy　a　larger　and　more　urgent　place　in　the　life　of
  these　thoughtful　adult　male　citizens　than　in　the　life　of　their
  children。
  NOTES：
  1。　It　was　a　very　wise　and　adroit　politician　who　found　out　that
  〃You　can　not　fool　all　the　people　all　the　time。〃
  2。　　La　gloria　di　colui　che　tutto　muove；
  Per　l'universo　pen閠ra　e　risplende
  In　una　parte　pi*　e　meno　altr'ove。
  3。　In　a　certain　large　and　enterprising　university；　e。g。；　the　pay
  of　the　lowest；　and　numerous；　rank　regularly　employed　to　do　full
  work　as　teachers；　is　proportioned　to　that　of　the　highest　　much
  less　numerous　　rank　about　as　one　to　twelve　at　the　most；　perhaps
  even　as　low　as　one　to　twenty。　And　it　may　not　be　out　of　place　to
  enter　the　caution　that　the　nominal　rank　of　a　given　member　of　the
  staff　is　no　secure　index　of　his　income；　even　where　the　salary
  〃normally〃　attached　to　the　given　academic　rank　is　known。　Not
  unusually　a　〃normal〃　scale　of　salaries　is　formally　adopted　by　the
  governing　board　and　spread　upon　their　records；　and　such　a　scale
  will　then　be　surreptitiously　made　public。　But　departures　from　the
  scale　habitually　occur；　whereby　the　salaries　actually　paid　come
  to　fall　short　of　the　〃normal〃　perhaps　as　frequently　as　they
  conform　to　it。
  There　is　no　trades…union　among　university　teachers；　and　no
  collective　bargaining。　There　appears　to　be　a　feeling　prevalent
  among　them　that　their　salaries　are　not　of　the　nature　of　wages；
  and　that　there　would　be　a　species　of　moral　obliquity　implied　in
  overtly　so　dealing　with　the　matter。　And　in　the　individual
  bargaining　by　which　the　rate　of　pay　is　determined　the　directorate
  may　easily　be　tempted　to　seek　an　economical　way　out；　by　offering
  a　low　rate　of　pay　coupled　with　a　higher　academic　rank。　The　plea
  is　always　ready　to　hand　that　the　university　is　in　want　of　the
  necessary　funds　and　is　constrained　to　economize　where　it　can。　So
  an　adv