from　the　standpoint　of　the　counting…house；　learning　and
  university　instruction　are　a　species　of　skilled　labour；　to　be
  hired　at　competitive　wages　and　to　turn　out　the　largest
  merchantable　output　that　can　be　obtained　by　shrewd　bargaining
  with　their　employees；　whereas；　of　course；　in　point　of　fact　and　of
  its　place　in　the　economic　system；　the　pursuit　of　learning　is　a
  species　of　leisure；　and　the　work　of　instruction　is　one　of　the
  modes　of　a　life　so　spent　in　〃the　increase　and　diffusion　of
  knowledge　among　men。〃　It　is　to　be　classed　as　〃leisure〃　only　in
  such　a　sense　of　that　term　as　may　apply　to　other　forms　of　activity
  that　have　no　economic；　and　more　particularly　no　pecuniary；　end　or
  equivalence。　It　is　by　no　means　hereby　intended　to　imply　that　such
  pursuit　of　knowledge　is　an　aimless　or　indolent　manner　of　life；
  nothing　like　dissipation　has　a　legitimate　place　in　it；　nor　is　it
  〃idle〃　in　any　other　sense　than　that　it　is　extra…economic；　not
  without　derogation　to　be　classed　as　a　gainful　pursuit。　Its　aim　is
  not　the　increase　or　utilization　of　the　material　means　of　life；
  nor　can　its　spirit　and　employment　be　bought　with　a　price。　Any
  salary；　perquisites；　or　similar　emoluments　assigned　the　scholars
  and　scientists　in　the　service　of　civilization；　within　the
  university　or　without；　are　（should　be）　in　the　nature　of　a
  stipend；　designed　to　further　the　free　use　of　their　talent　in　the
  prosecution　of　this　work；　the　value　of　which　is　not　of　a
  pecuniary　kind。　But　under　the　stress　of　businesslike　management
  in　the　universities　the　drift　of　things　sets　toward　letting　the
  work　of　science　and　scholarship　to　the　lowest　bidder；　on　a
  roughly　applicable　piece…wage　plan。　The　result　is　about　such　a
  degree　of　inefficiency；　waste　and　stultification　as　might　fairly
  be　expected；　whereof　there　are　abundantly　many　examples；　that
  humble　the　pride　of　the　scholars　and　rejoice　the　heart　of　the
  captains　of　erudition。
  The　piece…wage　plan　never　goes　into　effect　in　set　form；　or
  has　not　hitherto　done　so；　　although　there　are　schools　of
  nominally　university　grade　in　which　there　is　a　recognized　and
  avowed　endeavour　so　to　apportion　the　weekly　hours　of　class…room
  exercises　to　the　pay　of　the　teachers　as　to　bring　the　pay　per
  class…hour　per　semester　to　a　passably　uniform　level　for　the
  general　body　of　the　staff。　That　the　piece…wage　plan　has　so　little
  avowed　vogue　in　the　academic　wage　scheme　may　at　first　sight　seem
  strange；　the　body　of　academic　employees　are　as　defenceless　and
  unorganized　as　any　class　of　the　wage…earning　population；　and　it
  is　among　the　unorganized　and　helpless　that　the　piece…wage　plan　is
  commonly　applied　with　the　best　effect；　at　the　same　time　the
  system　of　scholastic　accountancy；　worked　out　for　other　purposes
  and　already　applied　both　to　instructors；　to　courses　of
  instruction；　and　to　divisions　of　the　school　year；　has　already
  reduced　all　the　relevant　items　to　such　standard　units　and
  thorough　equivalence　as　should　make　a　system　of　piece…wages
  almost　a　matter　of　course。　That　it　has　not　formally　been　put　in
  practice　appears　to　be　due　to　tradition；　and　to　that　long…term
  common　sense　appreciation　of　the　nature　of　learning　that　will
  always　balk　at　rating　this　work　as　a　frankly　materialistic　and
  pecuniary　occupation。　The　academic　personnel；　e。　g。；　are　unable
  to　rid　themselves　of　a　fastidious　　perhaps　squeamish
  persuasion　that　they　are　engaged　in　this　work　not　wholly　for
  pecuniary　returns；　and　the　community　at　large　are　obscurely；　but
  irretrievably　and　irresponsibly；　in　the　same　suspicious　frame　of
  mind　on　that　head。　The　same　unadvised　and　unformulated　persuasion
  that　academic　salaries　are　after　all　not　honestly　to　be　rated　as
  wages；　is　doubtless　accountable　for　certain　other　features　of
  academic　management　touching　the　pay…roll；　notably　the　failure　of
  the　employees　to　organize　anything　like　a　trades…union；　or　to
  fall　into　line　on　any　workable　basis　of　solidarity　on　such　an
  issue　as　a　wage…bargain；　as　also　the　equivocal　footing　on　which
  the　matter　of　appointments　and　removals　is　still　allowed　to
  stand；　hence　also　the　unsettled　ethics　of　the　trade　in　this
  respect。
  For　divers　reasons；　but　mainly　reasons　of　competitive
  statistics；　which　resolve　themselves；　again；　in　the　main　into
  reasons　of　expedient　publicity；　it　is　desired　that　the　enrolment
  should　be　very　large　and　should　always　and　unremittingly
  increase；　　due　regard　being　always　had；　of　course；　to　the
  eminent　desirability　of　drawing　into　the　enrolment　many　students
  from　the　higher　levels　of　gentility　and　pecuniary　merit。　To　this
  end　it　is　well；　as　has　already　been　remarked　above；　to　announce　a
  very　full　schedule　of　instruction　and　a　free　range　of　elective
  alternatives；　and　also　to　promote　a　complete　and　varied　line　of
  scholastic　accessories；　in　the　way　of　athletics；　clubs；
  fraternities；　〃student　activities；〃　and　similar　devices　of
  politely　blameless　dissipation。
  These　accessories　of　college　life　have　been　strongly　on　the
  increase　since　the　business　r間ime　has　come　in。　They　are　held　to
  be　indispensable；　or　unavoidable；　not　for　scholarly　work；　of
  course；　but　chiefly　to　encourage　the　attendance　of　that
  decorative　contingent　who　take　more　kindly　to　sports；　invidious
  intrigue　and　social　amenities　than　to　scholarly　pursuits。
  Notoriously；　this　contingent　is；　on　the　whole；　a　serious　drawback
  to　the　cause　of　learning；　but　it　adds　appreciably；　and　adds　a
  highly　valued　contribution；　to　the　number　enrolled；　and　it　gives
  also　a　certain；　highly　appreciated；　loud　tone　（〃college　spirit〃）
  to　the　student　body；　and　so　it　is　felt　to　benefit　the　corporation
  of　learning　by　drawing　public　attention。　Corporate　means　expended
  in　provision　for　these　academic　accessories　　〃side　shows；〃　as
  certain　ill…disposed　critics　have　sometimes　called　them　　are
  commonly　felt　to　be　well　spent。　Persons　who　are　not　intimately
  familiar　with　American　college　life　have　little　appreciation　of
  the　grave　solicitude　given　to　these　matters。
  During　some　considerable　number　of　years　past；　while　the
  undergraduate　enrolment　at　the　universities　has　been　increasing
  rapidly；　the　attitude　of　the　authorities　has　progressively　been
  undergoing　a　notable　change　touching　these　matters　of
  extra…scholastic　amenity。　It　is　in　great　measure　a　continuation
  of　changes　that　have　visibly　been　going　forward　in　the　older
  universities　of　the　country　for　a　longer　period；　and　it　is
  organically　bound　up　with　the　general　shifting　of　ground　that
  marks　the　incursion　of　business　principles。
  While　the　authorities　have　turned　their　attention　primarily
  to　the　undergraduate　division　and　its　numerical　increase；　they
  have　at　the　same　time；　and　largely　with　the　same　end　in　view；
  endeavoured　to　give　it　more　of　the　character　of　a　〃gentleman's
  college〃；　that　is　to　say；　an　establishment　for　the　cultivation　of
  the　graces　of　gentility　and　a　suitable　place　of　residence　for
  young　men　of　spendthrift　habits。　The　improvement　sought　in　these
  endeavours　is　not　so　much　the　increase　and　acceleration　of
  scholarly　pursuits；　as　a　furthering　of　〃social〃　proficiency。　A
  〃gentleman's　college〃　is　an　establishment　in　which　scholarship　is
  advisedly　made　subordinate　to　genteel　dissipation；　to　a　grounding
  in　those　methods　of　conspicuous　consumption　that　should　engage
  the　thought　and　energies　of　a　well…to…do　man　of　the　world。　Such
  an　ideal；　more　or　less　overtly；　appears　to　be　gaining　ground
  among　the　larger　universities；　and；　needless　to　say；　it　is
  therefore　also　gaining；　by　force　of　precedent　and　imitation；
  among　the　younger　schools　engaged　in　more　of　a　struggle　to
  achieve　a　secure　footing　of　respectability。
  Its　bearing　on　the　higher　learning　is；　of　course；
  sufficiently　plain；　and　its　intimate　connection　with　business
  principles　at　large　should　be　equally　plain。　The　scheme　of
  reputability　in　the　pecuniary　culture　comprises　not　only　the
  imperative　duty　of　acquiring　something　more　than　an　equitable
  share　of　the　community's　wealth；　but　also　the　dutiful　privilege
  of　spending　this　acquired　wealth；　and　the　leisure　that　goes　with
  it；　in　a　reputably　conspicuous　way；　according　to　the　ritual　of
  decorum　in　force　for　the　time　being。　So　that　proficiency　in　the
  decorously　conspicuous　waste　of　time　and　means　is　no　less
  essential　in　the　end　than　proficiency　in　the　gainful　conduct　of
  business。　The　ways　and　means　of　reputably　consuming　time　and
  substance；　therefore；　is　by　prescriptive　necessity　to　be　included
  in