ature　of　the　circumstances　we　expect　to　see　any　expression；　we　readily　imagine　its　presence。　Notwithstanding　Dr。　Duchenne's　great　experience；　he　for　a　long　time　fancied；　as　he　states；　that　several　muscles　contracted　under　certain　emotions；　whereas　he　ultimately　convinced　himself　that　the　movement　was　confined　to　a　single　muscle。
  In　order　to　acquire　as　good　a　foundation　as　possible；　and　to　ascertain；　independently　of　common　opinion；　how　far　particular　movements　of　the　features　and　gestures　are　really　expressive　of　certain　states　of　the　mind；　I　have　found　the　following　means　the　most　serviceable。　In　the　first　place；　to　observe　infants；　for　they　exhibit　many　emotions；　as　Sir　C。　Bell　remarks；　〃with　extraordinary　force；〃　whereas；　in　after　life；　some　of　our　expressions　〃cease　to　have　the　pure　and　simple　source　from　which　they　spring　in　infancy。〃＇18＇
  In　the　second　place；　it　occurred　to　me　that　the　insane　ought　to　be　studied；　as　they　are　liable　to　the　strongest　passions；　and　give　uncontrolled　vent　to　them。　　I　had；　myself；　no　opportunity　of　doing　this；　so　I　applied　to　Dr。　Maudsley　and　received　from　him　an　introduction　to　Dr。　J。　Crichton　Browne；　who　has　charge　of　an　immense　asylum　near　Wakefield；　and　who；　as　I　found；　had　already　attended　to　the　subject。　This　excellent　observer　has　with　unwearied　kindness　sent　me　copious　notes　and　descriptions；　with　valuable　suggestions　on　many　points；　and　I　can　hardly　over…estimate　the　value　of　his　assistance。　　I　owe　also；　to　the　kindness　of　Mr。　Patrick　Nicol；　of　the　Sussex　Lunatic　Asylum；　interesting　statements　on　two　or　three　points。
  Thirdly　Dr。　Duchenne　galvanized；　as　we　have　already　seen；　certain　muscles　in　the　face　of　an　old　man；　whose　skin　was　little　sensitive；　and　thus　produced　various　expressions　which　were　photographed　on　a　large　scale。　It　fortunately　occurred　to　me　to　show　several　of　the　best　plates；　without　a　word　of　explanation；　to　above　twenty　educated　persons　of　various　ages　and　both　sexes；　asking　them；　in　each　case；　by　what　emotion　or　feeling　the　old　man　was　supposed　to　be　agitated；　and　I　recorded　their　answers　in　the　words　which　they　used。　Several　of　the　expressions　were　instantly　recognised　by　almost　everyone；　though　described　in　not　exactly　the　same　terms；　and　these　may；　I　think；　be　relied　on　as　truthful；　and　will　hereafter　be　specified。　On　the　other　hand；　the　most　widely　different　judgments　were　pronounced　in　regard　to　some　of　them。　　This　exhibition　was　of　use　in　another　way；　by　convincing　me　how　easily　we　may　be　misguided　by　our　imagination；　for　when　I　first　looked　through　Dr。　Duchenne's　photographs；　reading　at　the　same　time　the　text；　and　thus　learning　what　was　intended；　I　was　struck　with　admiration　at　the　truthfulness　of　all；　with　only　a　few　exceptions。　　Nevertheless；　if　I　had　examined　them　without　any　explanation；　no　doubt　I　should　have　been　as　much　perplexed；　in　some　cases；　as　other　persons　have　been。
  ＇18＇　〃Anatomy　of　Expression；'　3rd　edit。　　p。　　198。
  Fourthly；　I　had　hoped　to　derive　much　aid　from　the　great　masters　in　painting　and　sculpture；　who　are　such　close　observers。　Accordingly；　I　have　looked　at　photographs　and　engravings　of　many　well…known　works；　but；　with　a　few　exceptions；　have　not　thus　profited。　The　reason　no　doubt　is；　that　in　works　of　art；　beauty　is　the　chief　object；　and　strongly　contracted　facial　muscles　destroy　beauty。＇19＇　The　story　of　the　composition　is　generally　told　with　wonderful　force　and　truth　by　skilfully　given　accessories。
  ＇19＇　See　remarks　to　this　effect　in　Lessing's　‘Lacooon；'　translated　by　W。　Ross；　1836；　p。　　19。
  Fifthly；　it　seemed　to　me　highly　important　to　ascertain　whether　the　same　expressions　and　gestures　prevail；　as　has　often　been　asserted　without　much　evidence；　with　all　the　races　of　mankind；　especially　with　those　who　have　associated　but　little　with　Europeans。　　Whenever　the　same　movements　of　the　features　or　body　express　the　same　emotions　in　several　distinct　races　of　man；　we　may　infer　with　much　probability；　that　such　expressions　are　true　ones；that　is；　are　innate　or　instinctive。　Conventional　expressions　or　gestures；　acquired　by　the　individual　during　early　life；　would　probably　have　differed　in　the　different　races；　in　the　same　manner　as　do　their　languages。　Accordingly　I　circulated；　early　in　the　year　1867；　the　following　printed　queries　with　a　request；　which　has　been　fully　responded　to；　that　actual　observations；　and　not　memory；　might　be　trusted。　These　queries　were　written　after　a　considerable　interval　of　time；　during　which　my　attention　had　been　otherwise　directed；　and　I　can　now　see　that　they　might　have　been　greatly　improved。　To　some　of　the　later　copies；　I　appended；　in　manuscript；　a　few　additional　remarks：
  （1。）　Is　astonishment　expressed　by　the　eyes　and　mouth　being　opened　wide；　and　by　the　eyebrows　being　raised？
  （2。）　Does　shame　excite　a　blush　when　the　colour　of　the　skin　allows　it　to　be　visible？　and　especially　how　low　down　the　body　does　the　blush　extend？
  （3。）　When　a　man　is　indignant　or　defiant　does　he　frown；　hold　his　body　and　head　erect；　square　his　shoulders　and　clench　his　fists？
  （4）　When　considering　deeply　on　any　subject；　or　trying　to　understand　any　puzzle；　does　he　frown；　or　wrinkle　the　skin　beneath　the　lower　eyelids？
  （5。）　When　in　low　spirits；　are　the　corners　of　the　mouth　depressed；　and　the　inner　corner　of　the　eyebrows　raised　by　that　muscle　which　the　French　call　the　〃Grief　muscle〃？　The　eyebrow　in　this　state　becomes　slightly　oblique；　with　a　little　swelling　at　the　Inner　end；　and　the　forehead　is　transversely　wrinkled　in　the　middle　part；　but　not　across　the　whole　breadth；　as　when　the　eyebrows　are　raised　in　surprise。　（6。）　When　in　good　spirits　do　the　eyes　sparkle；　with　the　skin　a　little　wrinkled　round　and　under　them；　and　with　the　mouth　a　little　drawn　back　at　the　corners？
  （7。）　When　a　man　sneers　or　snarls　at　another；　is　the　corner　of　the　upper　lip　over　the　canine　or　eye　tooth　raised　on　the　side　facing　the　man　whom　he　addresses？
  （8）　Can　a　dogged　or　obstinate　expression　be　recognized；　which　is　chiefly　shown　by　the　mouth　being　firmly　closed；　a　lowering　brow　and　a　slight　frown？
  （9。）　Is　contempt　expressed　by　a　slight　protrusion　of　the　lips　and　by　turning　up　the　nose；　and　with　a　slight　expiration？
  （10）　Is　disgust　shown　by　the　lower　lip　being　turned　down；　the　upper　lip　slightly　raised；　with　a　sudden　expiration；　something　like　incipient　vomiting；　or　like　something　spit　out　of　the　mouth？
  （11。）　Is　extreme　fear　expressed　in　the　same　general　manner　as　with　Europeans？
  （12。）　Is　laughter　ever　carried　to　such　an　extreme　as　to　bring　tears　into　the　eyes？
  （13。）　When　a　man　wishes　to　show　that　he　cannot　prevent　something　being　done；　or　cannot　himself　do　something；　does　he　shrug　his　shoulders；　turn　inwards　his　elbows；　extend　outwards　his　hands　and　open　the　palms；　with　the　eyebrows　raised？
  （14）　Do　the　children　when　sulky；　pout　or　greatly　protrude　the　lips？
  （15。）　Can　guilty；　or　sly；　or　jealous　expressions　be　recognized？　though　I　know　not　how　these　can　be　defined。
  （16。）　Is　the　head　nodded　vertically　in　affirmation；　and　shaken　laterally　in　negation？
  Observations　on　natives　who　have　had　little　communication　with　Europeans　would　be　of　course　the　most　valuable；　though　those　made　on　any　natives　would　be　of　much　interest　to　me。　General　remarks　on　expression　are　of　comparatively　little　value；　and　memory　is　so　deceptive　that　I　earnestly　beg　it　may　not　be　trusted。　A　definite　description　of　the　countenance　under　any　emotion　or　frame　of　mind；　with　a　statement　of　the　circumstances　under　which　it　occurred；　would　possess　much　value。
  To　these　queries　I　have　received　thirty…six　answers　from　different　observers；　several　of　them　missionaries　or　protectors　of　the　aborigines；　to　all　of　whom　I　am　deeply　indebted　for　the　great　trouble　which　they　have　taken；　and　for　the　valuable　aid　thus　received。　　I　will　specify　their　names；　&c。；　towards　the　close　of　this　chapter；　so　as　not　to　interrupt　my　present　remarks。　The　answers　relate　to　several　of　the　most　distinct　and　savage　races　of　man。　In　many　instances；　the　circumstances　have　been　recorded　under　which　each　expression　was　observed；　and　the　expression　itself　described。　In　such　cases；　much　confidence　may　be　placed　in　the　answers。　　When　the　answers　have　been　simply　yes　or　no；　I　have　always　received　them　with　caution。　It　follows；　from　the　information　thus　acquired；　that　the　same　state　of　mind　is　expressed　throughout　the　world　with　remarkable　uniformity；　and　this　fact　is　in　itself　interesting　as　evidence　of　the　close　similarity　in　bodily　structure　and　mental　disposition　of　all　the　races；　of　mankind。
  Sixthly；　and　lastly；　I　have　attended。　　as　closely　as　I　could；　to　the　expression　of　the　several　passions　in　some　of　the　commoner　animals；　and　this　I　believe　to　be　of　paramount　importance；　not　of　course　for　deciding　how　far　in　man　certain　expressions　are　characteristic　of　certain　states　of　mind；　but　as　affording　the　safest　basis　for　generalisation　on　the　causes；　or　origin；　of　the　various　movements　of　Expression。　　In　observing　animals；　we　are　not　so　likely　to　be　biassed　by　our　imagination；　and　we　may　feel　safe　that　their　expressions　are　not　conventional。
  From　the　reasons　above　assigned；　namely；　the　fleeting　nature　of　some　expressions　（the　changes　in　the　features　being　often　extremely　slight）；　our　sympathy　being　easily