第 39 节
作者:猜火车      更新:2021-02-24 23:33      字数:7580
  beneath the foundations of ponderous architectural structures; such
  as cathedral towers; has been known to become compressed; is as
  remarkable as it is instructive and curious。  The amount of
  depression in some cases may be measured by feet。〃  He instances
  the Tower of Pisa; but adds that it was founded on 〃dense clay。〃
  {51}  'Zeitschrift fur wissensch。 Zoolog。' Bd。 xxviii。; 1877; p。
  360。
  {52}  See Mr。 Dancer's paper in 'Proc。 Phil。 Soc。 of Manchester;'
  1877; p。 248。
  {53}  'Lecons de Geologie pratique;' 1845; p。 142。
  {54}  A short account of this discovery was published in 'The
  Times' of January 2; 1878; and a fuller account in 'The Builder;'
  January 5; 1878。
  {55}  Several accounts of these ruins have been published; the best
  is by Mr。 James Farrer in 'Proc。 Soc。 of Antiquaries of Scotland;'
  vol。 vi。; Part II。; 1867; p。 278。  Also J。 W。 Grover; 'Journal of
  the British Arch。 Assoc。' June 1866。  Professor Buckman has
  likewise published a pamphlet; 'Notes on the Roman Villa at
  Chedworth;' 2nd edit。 1873 Cirencester。
  {56}  These details are taken from the 'Penny Cyclopaedia;' article
  Hampshire。
  {57}  〃On the denudation of South Wales;〃 &c。; 'Memoirs of the
  Geological Survey of Great Britain;' vol。 1。; p。 297; 1846。
  {58}  'Geological Magazine;' October and November; 1867; vol。  iv。
  pp。  447 and 483。  Copious references on the subject are given in
  this remarkable memoir。
  {59}  A。 Tylor 〃On changes of the sea…level;〃 &c。; ' Philosophical
  Mag。' (Ser。 4th) vol。 v。; 1853; p。 258。  Archibald Geikie;
  Transactions Geolog。 Soc。 of Glasgow; vol。 iii。; p。 153 (read
  March; 1868)。  Croll 〃On Geological Time;〃 'Philosophical Mag。;'
  May; August; and November; 1868。  See also Croll; 'Climate and
  Time;' 1875; Chap。 XX。  For some recent information on the amount
  of sediment brought down by rivers; see 'Nature;' Sept。  23rd;
  1880。  Mr。 T。 Mellard Reade has published some interesting articles
  on the astonishing amount of matter brought down in solution by
  rivers。  See Address; Geolog。 Soc。; Liverpool; 1876…77。
  {60}  〃An account of the fine dust which often falls on Vessels in
  the Atlantic Ocean;〃 Proc。 Geolog。 Soc。 of London; June 4th; 1845。
  {61}  For La Plata; see my 'Journal of Researches;' during the
  voyage of the Beagle; 1845; p。 133。  Elie de Beaumont has given
  ('Lecons de Geolog。 pratique;' tom。 I。 1845; p。 183) an excellent
  account of the enormous quantity of dust which is transported in
  some countries。  I cannot but think that Mr。 Proctor has somewhat
  exaggerated ('Pleasant Ways in Science;' 1879; p。 379) the agency
  of dust in a humid country like Great Britain。  James Geikie has
  given ('Prehistoric Europe;' 1880; p。 165) a full abstract of
  Richthofen's views; which; however; he disputes。
  {62}  These statements are taken from Hensen in 'Zeitschrift fur
  wissenschaft。 Zoologie。' Bd。 xxviii。; 1877; p。 360。  Those with
  respect to peat are taken from Mr。 A。 A。 Julien in 'Proc。 American
  Assoc。 Science;' 1879; p。 354。
  {63}  I have given some facts on the climate necessary or
  favourable for the formation of peat; in my 'Journal of
  Researches;' 1845; p。 287。
  {64}  A。 A。 Julien 〃On the Geological action of the Humus…acids;〃
  'Proc。 American Assoc。 Science;' vol。  xxviii。; 1879; p。 311。  Also
  on 〃Chemical erosion on Mountain Summits;〃 'New York Academy of
  Sciences;' Oct。 14; 1878; as quoted in the 'American Naturalist。'
  See also; on this subject; S。 W。 Johnson; 'How Crops Feed;' 1870;
  p。 138。
  {65}  See; for references on this subject; S。 W。 Johnson; 'How
  Crops Feed;' 1870; p。 326。
  {66}  This statement is taken from Mr。 Julien; 'Proc。 American
  Assoc。 Science;' vol。  xxviii。; 1879; p。 330。
  {67}  The preservative power of a layer of mould and turf is often
  shown by the perfect state of the glacial scratches on rocks when
  first uncovered。  Mr。 J。 Geikie maintains; in his last very
  interesting work ('Prehistoric Europe;' 1881); that the more
  perfect scratches are probably due to the last access of cold and
  increase of ice; during the long…continued; intermittent glacial
  period。
  {68}  Many geologists have felt much surprise at the complete
  disappearance of flints over wide and nearly level areas; from
  which the chalk has been removed by subaerial denudation。  But the
  surface of every flint is coated by an opaque modified layer; which
  will just yield to a steel point; whilst the freshly fractured;
  translucent surface will not thus yield。  The removal by
  atmospheric agencies of the outer modified surfaces of freely
  exposed flints; though no doubt excessively slow; together with the
  modification travelling inwards; will; as may be suspected;
  ultimately lead to their complete disintegration; notwithstanding
  that they appear to be so extremely durable。
  {69}  'Archives de Zoolog。 exper。' tom。 iii。 1874; p。 409。
  {70}  'Nouvelles Archives du Museum;' tom。 viii。 1872; pp。  95;
  131。
  {71}  Morren; in speaking of the earth in the alimentary canals of
  worms; says; 〃praesepe cum lapillis commixtam vidi:〃 'De Lumbrici
  terrestris Hist。 Nat。' &c。; 1829; p。 16。
  {72}  Perrier; 'Archives de Zoolog。 exper。' tom。 iii。 1874; p。 419。
  {73}  Morren; 'De Lumbrici terrestris Hist。 Nat。' &c。; p。 16。
  {74}  'Archives de Zoolog。 exper。' tom。 iii。 1874; p。 418。
  {75}  This conclusion reminds me of the vast amount of extremely
  fine chalky mud which is found within the lagoons of many atolls;
  where the sea is tranquil and waves cannot triturate the blocks of
  coral。  This mud must; as I believe ('The Structure and
  Distribution of Coral…Reefs;' 2nd edit。 1874; p。 19); be attributed
  to the innumerable annelids and other animals which burrow into the
  dead coral; and to the fishes; Holothurians; &c。; which browse on
  the living corals。
  {76}  Anniversary Address:  'The Quarterly Journal of the
  Geological Soc。' May 1880; p。 59。
  {77}  Mr。 James Wallace has pointed out that it is necessary to
  take into consideration the possibility of burrows being made at
  right angles to the surface instead of vertically down; in which
  case the lateral displacement of the soil would be increased。
  {78}  'Elements of Geology;' 1865; p。 20。
  {79}  'Lecons de Geologie pratique; 1845; cinquieme Lecon。  All
  Elie de Beaumont's arguments are admirably controverted by Prof。 A。
  Geikie in his essay in Transact。 Geolog。 Soc。 of Glasgow; vol。 iii。
  p。 153; 1868。
  {80}  'Illustrations of the Huttonian Theory of the Earth;' p。 107。
  {81}  Mr。 E。 Tylor in his Presidential address ('Journal of the
  Anthropological Institute;' May 1880; p。 451) remarks:  〃It appears
  from several papers of the Berlin Society as to the German 'high…
  fields' or 'heathen…fields' (Hochacker; and Heidenacker) that they
  correspond much in their situation on hills and wastes with the
  'elf…furrows' of Scotland; which popular mythology accounts for by
  the story of the fields having been put under a Papal interdict; so
  that people took to cultivating the hills。  There seems reason to
  suppose that; like the tilled plots in the Swedish forest which
  tradition ascribes to the old 'hackers;' the German heathen…fields
  represent tillage by an ancient and barbaric population。〃
  {82}  White of Selborne has some good remarks on the service
  performed by worms in loosening; &c。; the soil。  Edit; by L。
  Jenyns; 1843; p。 281。
  {83}  'Zeitschrift fur wissenschaft。 Zoolog。' B。 xxviii。 1877; p。
  360。
  End