was　out　of　cultivation；　and　as　to　the　rest　its　value　was　but　little　known；　and　its　estates　were　without　reliable　survey　or　boundaries。
  We　can　now　see　that；　as　usual；　both　were　right　in　what　they　asserted　and　wrong　in　what　they　denied。　　The　principle　of　fixity　of　tenure　and　tax　cannot　be　over…estimated　in　its　economic；　social；　and　political　value；　but　it　should　have　been　applied　to　the　village　communities　and　cultivating　peasants　without　the　intervention　of　middlemen　other　than　the　large　ancestral　landholders　with　hereditary　rights；　and　that　on　the　standard　of　corn　rents。　　Cornwallis　had　it　in　his　power　thus　to　do　what　some　years　afterwards　Stein　did　in　Prussia；　with　the　result　seen　in　the　present　German　people　and　empire。　　The　dispute　as　to　a　permanent　or　a　decennial　settlement　was　referred　home；　and　Pitt；　aided　by　Dundas　and　Charles　Grant；　took　a　week　to　consider　it。　　His　verdict　was　given　in　favour　of　feudalism。　Eight　months　before　Carey　landed　at　Calcutta　the　settlement　had　been　declared　perpetual；　in　1795　it　was　extended　to　Benares　also。
  During　the　next　twenty　years　mismanagement　and　debt　revolutionised　the　landed　interest；　as　in　France　at　the　same　time；　but　in　a　very　different　direction。　　The　customary　rights　of　the　peasant　proprietors　had　been　legislatively　secured　by　reserving　to　the　Governor…General　the　power　〃to　enact　such　regulations　as　he　may　think　necessary　for　the　protection　and　welfare　of　the　dependent　talookdars；　ryots；　and　other　cultivators　of　the　soil。〃　　The　peasants　continued　long　to　be　so　few　that　there　was　competition　for　them；　the　process　of　extortion　with　the　aid　of　the　courts　had　hardly　begun　when　they　were　many；　and　the　zameendars　were　burdened　with　charges　for　the　police。　　But　in　1799　and　again　in　1812　the　state；　trembling　for　its　rent；　gave　the　zameendars　further　authority。　　The　principle　of　permanence　of　assessment　so　far　co…operated　with　the　splendid　fertility　of　the　Ganges　valley　and　the　peaceful　multiplication　of　the　people　and　spread　of　cultivation；　that　all　through　the　wars　and　annexations；　up　to　the　close　of　the　Mutiny；　it　was　Bengal　which　enabled　England　to　extend　the　empire　up　to　its　natural　limits　from　the　two　seas　to　the　Himalaya。　　But　in　1859　the　first　attempt　was　made　by　the　famous　Act　X。　to　check　the　rack…renting　power　of　the　zameendars。　　And　now；　more　than　a　century　since　the　first　step　was　taken　to　arrest　the　ruin　of　the　peasantry；　the　legislature　of　India　has　again　tried　to　solve　for　the　whole　country　these　four　difficulties　which　all　past　landed　regulations　have　intensifiedto　give　the　state　tenants　a　guarantee　against　uncertain　enhancements　of　rent；　and　against　taxation　of　improvements；　to　minimise　the　evil　of　taking　rent　in　cash　instead　of　in　kind　by　arranging　the　dates　on　which　rent　is　paid；　and　to　mitigate　if　not　prevent　famine　by　allowing　relief　for　failure　of　crops。　　As　pioneering；　the　work　of　Carey　and　his　colleagues　all　through　was　distinctly　hindered　by　the　treatment　of　the　land　question；　which　at　once　ground　down　the　mass　of　the　people　and　created　a　class　of　oppressive　landlords　destitute　for　the　most　part　of　public　spirit　and　the　higher　culture。　　Both　were　disinclined　by　their　circumstances　to　lend　an　ear　to　the　Gospel；　but　these　circumstances　made　it　the　more　imperative　on　the　missionaries　to　tell　them；　to　teach　their　children；　to　print　for　all　the　glad　tidings。　　Carey；　himself　of　peasant　extraction；　cared　for　the　millions　of　the　people　above　all；　but　his　work　in　the　classical　as　well　as　the　vernacular　languages　was　equally　addressed　to　their　twenty　thousand　landlords。　　The　time　of　his　workbefore　Bentinck；　and　the　centre　of　itoutside　the　metropolis；　left　the　use　of　the　English　weapon　against　Brahmanism　largely　for　Duff。
  When　Cornwallis；　following　Warren　Hastings；　completed　the　substitution　of　the　British　for　the　Mohammedan　civil　administration　by　a　system　of　courts　and　police　and　a　code　of　regulations；　he　was　guilty　of　one　omission　and　one　mistake　that　it　took　years　of　discussion　and　action　to　rectify。　　He　did　not　abolish　from　the　courts　the　use　of　Persian；　the　language　of　the　old　Mussulman　invaders；　now　foreign　to　all　parties；　and　he　excluded　from　all　offices　above　？0　a　year　the　natives　of　the　country；　contrary　to　their　fair　and　politic　practice。　　Bengal　and　its　millions；　in　truth；　were　nominally　governed　in　detail　by　three　hundred　white　and　upright　civilians；　with　the　inevitable　result　in　abuses　which　they　could　not　prevent；　and　oppression　of　native　by　native　which　they　would　not　check；　and　the　delay　or　development　of　reforms　which　the　few　missionaries　long　called　for　in　vain。　　In　a　word；　after　making　the　most　generous　allowance　for　the　good　intentions　of　Cornwallis；　and　conscientiousness　of　Shore；　his　successor；　we　must　admit　that　Carey　was　called　to　become　the　reformer　of　a　state　of　society　which　the　worst　evils　of　Asiatic　and　English　rule　combined　to　prevent　him　and　other　self…sacrificing　or　disinterested　philanthropists　from　purifying。　　The　East　India　Company；　at　home　and　in　India；　had　reached　that　depth　of　opposition　to　light　and　freedom　in　any　form　which　justifies　Burke's　extremest　passagesthe　period　between　its　triumph　on　the　exclusion　of　〃the　pious　clauses〃　from　the　Charter　of　1793　and　its　defeat　in　the　Charter　of　1813。　　We　shall　reproduce　some　outlines　of　the　picture　which　Ward　drew：7
  〃On　landing　in　Bengal；　in　the　year　1793；　our　brethren　found　themselves　surrounded　with　a　population　of　heathens　（not　including　the　Mahometans）　amounting　to　at　least　one　hundred　millions　of　souls。
  〃On　the　subject　of　the　divine　nature；　with　the　verbal　admission　of　the　doctrine　of　the　divine　unity；　they　heard　these　idolaters　speak　of　330；000；000　of　gods。　　Amidst　innumerable　idol　temples　they　found　none　erected　for　the　worship　of　the　one　living　and　true　God。　Services　without　end　they　saw　performed　in　honour　of　the　elements　and　deified　heroes；　but　heard　not　one　voice　tuned　to　the　praise　or　employed　in　the　service　of　the　one　God。　Unacquainted　with　the　moral　perfections　of　Jehovah；　they　saw　this　immense　population　prostrate　before　dead　matter；　before　the　monkey；　the　serpent；　before　idols　the　very　personifications　of　sin；　and　they　found　this　animal；　this　reptile；　and　the　lecher　Krishnu　｛u　with　inverted　^　like　殻nd　his　concubine　Radha；　among　the　favourite　deities　of　the　Hindoos。。。
  〃Respecting　the　real　nature　of　the　present　state；　the　missionaries　perceived　that　the　Hindoos　laboured　under　the　most　fatal　misapprehensions；　that　they　believed　the　good　or　evil　actions　of　this　birth　were　not　produced　as　the　volitions　of　their　own　wills；　but　arose　from；　and　were　the　unavoidable　results　of；　the　actions　of　the　past　birth；　that　their　present　actions　would　inevitably　give　rise　to　the　whole　complexion　of　their　characters　and　conduct　in　the　following　birth；　and　that　thus　they　were　doomed　to　interminable　transmigrations；　to　float　as　some　light　substance　upon　the　bosom　of　an　irresistible　torrent。。。
  〃Amongst　these　idolaters　no　Bibles　were　found；　no　sabbaths；　no　congregating　for　religious　instruction　in　any　form；　no　house　for　God；　no　God　but　a　log　of　wood；　or　a　monkey；　no　Saviour　but　the　Ganges；　no　worship　but　that　paid　to　abominable　idols；　and　that　connected　with　dances；　songs；　and　unutterable　impurities；　so　that　what　should　have　been　divine　worship；　purifying；　elevating；　and　carrying　the　heart　to　heaven；　was　a　corrupt　but　rapid　torrent；　poisoning　the　soul　and　carrying　it　down　to　perdition；　no　morality；　for　how　should　a　people　be　moral　whose　gods　are　monsters　of　vice；　whose　priests　are　their　ringleaders　in　crime；　whose　scriptures　encourage　pride；　impurity；　falsehood；　revenge；　and　murder；　whose　worship　is　connected　with　indescribable　abominations；　and　whose　heaven　is　a　brothel？　　As　might　be　expected；　they　found　that　men　died　here　without　indulging　the　smallest　vestige　of　hope；　except　what　can　arise　from　transmigration；　the　hope；　instead　of　plunging　into　some　place　of　misery；　of　passing　into　the　body　of　some　reptile。　　To　carry　to　such　a　people　the　divine　word；　to　call　them　together　for　sacred　instruction；　to　introduce　amongst　them　a　pure　and　heavenly　worship；　and　to　lead　them　to　the　observance　of　a　Sabbath　on　earth；　as　the　preparative　and　prelude　to　a　state　of　endless　perfection；　was　surely　a　work　worthy　for　a　Saviour　to　command；　and　becoming　a　christian　people　to　attempt。〃
  The　condition　of　women；　who　were　then　estimated　at　〃seventy…five　millions　of　minds；〃　and　whom　the　census　shows　to　be　now　above　144；000；000；　is　thus　described　after　an　account　of　female　infanticide：
  〃To　the　Hindoo　female　all　education　is　denied　by　the　positive　injunction　of　the　shastru　｛u　with　inverted　^　like　殻弧nd　by　the　general　voice　of　the　population。　　Not　a　single　school　for　girls；　therefore；　all　over　the　country！　　With　knitting；　sewing；　embroidery；　painting；　music；　and　drawing；　they　have　no　more　to　do　than　with　letters；　the　washing　is　done　by　men　of　a　particular　tribe。　　The　Hindoo　girl；　therefore；　spends　the　ten　first　years　of　her　life　in　sheer　idleness；　immured　in　the　house　of　her　father。
  〃Before　she　has　attained　to　this　age；　however；　she　is　sought　after　by　the　ghutuks；　men　employed　by　parents　to　seek　wives　for　their　sons。　　She　is　betrothed　without　her　consent；　a　legal　agreement；　which　binds　her　for　life；　being