sovereign；　for　the　security　of　their　property。　He　is　so　far
  removed　from　them；　and　is　so　much　exempt　from　private　jealousies
  or　interests；　that　this　dependence　is　scarcely　felt。　And　thus　a
  species　of　government　arises；　to　which；　in　a　high　political　rant；
  we　may　give　the　name　of　；　but　which；　by　a　just　and
  prudent　administration；　may　afford　tolerable　security　to　the
  people；　and　may　answer　most　of　the　ends　of　political　society。
  But　though　in　a　civilized　monarchy；　as　well　as　in　a
  republic；　the　people　have　security　for　the　enjoyment　of　their
  property；　yet　in　both　these　forms　of　government；　those　who
  possess　the　supreme　authority　have　the　disposal　of　many　honours
  and　advantages；　which　excite　the　ambition　and　avarice　of　mankind。
  The　only　difference　is；　that；　in　a　republic；　the　candidates　for
  office　must　look　downwards；　to　gain　the　suffrages　of　the　people；
  in　a　monarchy；　they　must　turn　their　attention　upwards；　to　court
  the　good　graces　and　favour　of　the　great。　To　be　successful　in　the
  former　way；　it　is　necessary　for　a　man　to　make　himself　；
  by　his　industry；　capacity；　or　knowledge：　To　be　prosperous　in　the
  latter　way；　it　is　requisite　for　him　to　render　himself
  ；　by　his　wit；　complaisance；　or　civility。　A　strong
  genius　succeeds　best　in　republics：　A　refined　taste　in　monarchies。
  And　consequently　the　sciences　are　the　more　natural　growth　of　the
  one；　and　the　polite　arts　of　the　other。
  Not　to　mention；　that　monarchies；　receiving　their　chief
  stability　from　a　superstitious　reverence　to　priests　and　princes；
  have　commonly　abridged　the　liberty　of　reasoning；　with　regard　to
  religion；　and　politics；　and　consequently　metaphysics　and　morals。
  All　these　form　the　most　considerable　branches　of　science。
  Mathematics　and　natural　philosophy；　which　only　remain；　are　not
  half　so　valuable。
  Among　the　arts　of　conversation；　no　one　pleases　more　than
  mutual　deference　or　civility；　which　leads　us　to　resign　our　own
  inclinations　to　those　of　our　companion；　and　to　curb　and　conceal
  that　presumption　and　arrogance；　so　natural　to　the　human　mind。　A
  good…natured　man；　who　is　well　educated；　practises　this　civility
  to　every　mortal；　without　premeditation　or　interest。　But　in　order
  to　render　that　valuable　quality　general　among　any　people；　it
  seems　necessary　to　assist　the　natural　disposition　by　some　general
  motive。　Where　power　rises　upwards　from　the　people　to　the　great；
  as　in　all　republics；　such　refinements　of　civility　are　apt　to　be
  little　practised；　since　the　whole　state　is；　by　that　means；
  brought　near　to　a　level；　and　every　member　of　it　is　rendered；　in　a
  great　measure；　independent　of　another。　The　people　have　the
  advantage；　by　the　authority　of　their　suffrages：　The　great；　by　the
  superiority　of　their　station。　But　in　a　civilized　monarchy；　there
  is　a　long　train　of　dependence　from　the　prince　to　the　peasant；
  which　is　not　great　enough　to　render　property　precarious；　or
  depress　the　minds　of　the　people；　but　is　sufficient　to　beget　in
  every　one　an　inclination　to　please　his　superiors；　and　to　form
  himself　upon　those　models；　which　are　most　acceptable　to　people　of
  condition　and　education。　Politeness　of　manners；　therefore；　arises
  most　naturally　in　monarchies　and　courts；　and　where　that
  flourishes；　none　of　the　liberal　arts　will　be　altogether　neglected
  or　despised。
  The　republics　in　Europe　are　at　present　noted　for　want　of
  politeness。　；＇5＇　is　an　expression　for　rusticity　among　the　French。　The
  English；　in　some　degree；　fall　under　the　same　censure；
  notwithstanding　their　learning　and　genius。　And　if　the　Venetians
  be　an　exception　to　the　rule；　they　owe　it；　perhaps；　to　their
  communication　with　the　other　Italians；　most　of　whose　governments
  beget　a　dependence　more　than　sufficient　for　civilizing　their
  manners。
  It　is　difficult　to　pronounce　any　judgment　concerning　the
  refinements　of　the　ancient　republics　in　this　particular：　But　I　am
  apt　to　suspect；　that　the　arts　of　conversation　were　not　brought　so
  near　to　perfection　among　them　as　the　arts　of　writing　and
  composition。　The　scurrility　of　the　ancient　orators；　in　many
  instances；　is　quite　shocking；　and　exceeds　all　belief。　Vanity　too
  is　often　not　a　little　offensive　in　authors　of　those　ages；＇6＇　as
  well　as　the　common　licentiousness　and　immodesty　of　their　stile；
  ；　pene；　；　says　Sallust　in　one　of　the　gravest　and　most
  moral　passages　of　his　history。　；　is　an　expression　of　Horace；　in　tracing
  the　origin　of　moral　good　and　evil。　Ovid　and　Lucretius＇7＇　are
  almost　as　licentious　in　their　stile　as　Lord　Rochester；　though　the
  former　were　fine　gentlemen　and　delicate　writers；　and　the　latter；
  from　the　corruptions　of　that　court；　in　which　he　lived；　seems　to
  have　thrown　off　all　regard　to　shame　and　decency。　Juvenal
  inculcates　modesty　with　great　zeal；　but　sets　a　very　bad　example
  of　it　if　we　consider　the　impudence　of　his　expressions。
  I　shall　also　be　bold　to　affirm；　that　among　the　ancients；
  there　was　not　much　delicacy　of　breeding；　or　that　polite　deference
  and　respect；　which　civility　obliges　us　either　to　express　or
  counterfeit　towards　the　persons　with　whom　we　converse。　Cicero　was
  certainly　one　of　the　finest　gentlemen　of　his　age；　yet　I　must
  confess　I　have　frequently　been　shocked　with　the　poor　figure　under
  which　he　represents　his　friend　Atticus；　in　those　dialogues；　where
  he　himself　is　introduced　as　a　speaker。　That　learned　and　virtuous
  Roman；　whose　dignity；　though　he　was　only　a　private　gentleman；　was
  inferior　to　that　of　no　one　in　Rome；　is　there　shewn　in　rather　a
  more　pitiful　light　than　Philalethe's　friend　in　our　modern
  dialogues。　He　is　a　humble　admirer　of　the　orator；　pays　him
  frequent　compliments；　and　receives　his　instructions；　with　all　the
  deference　which　a　scholar　owes　to　his　master。＇8＇　Even　Cato　is
  treated　in　somewhat　of　a　cavalier　manner　in　the　dialogues　。
  One　of　the　most　particular　details　of　a　real　dialogue；　which
  we　meet　with　in　antiquity；　is　related　by　Polybius；＇9＇　when
  Philip；　king　of　Macedon；　a　prince　of　wit　and　parts；　met　with
  Titus　Flaminius；　one　of　the　politest　of　the　Romans；　as　we　learn
  from　Plutarch；＇10＇　accompanied　with　ambassadors　from　almost　all
  the　Greek　cities。　The　Aetolian　ambassador　very　abruptly　tells　the
  king；　that　he　talked　like　a　fool　or　a　madman　（lhrein）。　'That's
  evident；'　says　his　majesty；　'even　to　a　blind　man'；　which　was　a
  raillery　on　the　blindness　of　his　excellency。　Yet　all　this　did　not
  pass　the　usual　bounds：　For　the　conference　was　not　disturbed；　and
  Flaminius　was　very　well　diverted　with　these　strokes　of　humour。　At
  the　end；　when　Philip　craved　a　little　time　to　consult　with　his
  friends；　of　whom　he　had　none　present；　the　Roman　general；　being
  desirous　also　to　shew　his　wit；　as　the　historian　says；　tells　him；
  'that　perhaps　the　reason；　why　he　had　none　of　his　friends　with
  him；　was　because　he　had　murdered　them　all'；　which　was　actually
  the　case。　This　unprovoked　piece　of　rusticity　is　not　condemned　by
  the　historian；　caused　no　farther　resentment　in　Philip；　than　to
  excite　a　Sardonian　smile；　or　what　we　call　a　grin；　and　hindered
  him　not　from　renewing　the　conference　next　day。　Plutarch＇11＇　too
  mentions　this　raillery　amongst　the　witty　and　agreeable　sayings　of
  Flaminius。
  Cardinal　Wolsey　apologized　for　his　famous　piece　of
  insolence；　in　saying；　'Ego　et　Rex　meus'；　；　by
  observing；　that　this　expression　was　conformable　to　the　Latin
  idiom；　and　that　a　Roman　always　named　himself　before　the　person　to
  whom；　or　of　whom　he　spake。　Yet　this　seems　to　have　been　an
  instance　of　want　of　civility　among　that　people。　The　ancients　made
  it　a　rule；　that　the　person　of　the　greatest　dignity　should　be
  mentioned　first　in　the　discourse；　insomuch；　that　we　find　the
  spring　of　a　quarrel　and　jealousy　between　the　Romans　and
  Aetolians；　to　have　been　a　poet's　naming　the　Aetolians　before　the
  Romans；　in　celebrating　a　victory　gained　by　their　united　arms　over
  the　Macedonians。＇12＇　Thus　Livia　disgusted　Tiberius　by　placing　her
  own　name　before　his　in　an　inscription。＇13＇
  No　advantages　in　this　world　are　pure　and　unmixed。　In　like
  manner；　as　modern　politeness；　which　is　naturally　so　ornamental；
  runs　often　into　affectation　and　foppery；　disguise　and
  insincerity；　so　the　ancient　simplicity；　which　is　naturally　so
  amiable　and　affecting；　often　degenerates　into　rusticity　and
  abuse；　scurrility　and　obscenity。
  If　the　superiority　in　politeness　should　be　allowed　to　modern
  times；　the　modern　notions　of　；　the　natural　produce　of
  courts　and　monarchies；　will　probably　be　assigned　as　the　causes　of
  this　refinement。　No　one　denies　this　invention　to　be　modern：＇14＇
  But　some　of　the　more　zealous　partizans　of　the　ancients；　have
  asserted　it　to　be　foppish　and　ridiculous；　and　a　reproach；　rather
  than　a　credit；　to　the　present　age。＇15＇　It　may　here　be　proper　to
  examine　this　question。
  Nature　has　implanted　in　all　living　creatures　an　affection
  between　the　sexes；　which；　even　in　the　fiercest　and　most　rapacious
  animals；　is　not　merely　c