fewest　inconveniencies。　This　is　a　matter　of　so　great　difficulty；
  that　men　may　have　made　some　advances；　even　in　the　sublime　arts　of
  poetry　and　eloquence；　where　a　rapidity　of　genius　and　imagination
  assist　their　progress；　before　they　have　arrived　at　any　great
  refinement　in　their　municipal　laws；　where　frequent　trials　and
  diligent　observation　can　alone　direct　their　improvements。　It　is
  not；　therefore；　to　be　supposed；　that　a　barbarous　monarch；
  unrestrained　and　uninstructed；　will　ever　become　a　legislator；　or
  think　of　restraining　his　；　in　every　province；　or　even
  his　　in　every　village。　We　are　told；　that　the　late　Czar；
  though　actuated　with　a　noble　genius；　and　smit　with　the　love　and
  admiration　of　European　arts；　yet　professed　an　esteem　for　the
  Turkish　policy　in　this　particular；　and　approved　of　such　summary
  decisions　of　causes；　as　are　practised　in　that　barbarous　monarchy；
  where　the　judges　are　not　restrained　by　any　methods；　forms；　or
  laws。　He　did　not　perceive；　how　contrary　such　a　practice　would
  have　been　to　all　his　other　endeavours　for　refining　his　people。
  Arbitrary　power；　in　all　cases；　is　somewhat　oppressive　and
  debasing；　but　it　is　altogether　ruinous　and　intolerable；　when
  contracted　into　a　small　compass；　and　becomes　still　worse；　when
  the　person；　who　possesses　it；　knows　that　the　time　of　his
  authority　is　limited　and　uncertain。　'Habet　subjectos　tanquam
  suos；　viles；　ut　alienos。'＇3＇　He　governs　the　subjects　with　full
  authority；　as　if　they　were　his　own；　and　with　negligence　or
  tyranny；　as　belonging　to　another。　A　people；　governed　after　such　a
  manner；　are　slaves　in　the　full　and　proper　sense　of　the　word；　and
  it　is　impossible　they　can　ever　aspire　to　any　refinements　or　taste
  of　reason。　They　dare　not　so　much　as　pretend　to　enjoy　the
  necessaries　of　life　in　plenty　or　security。
  To　expect；　therefore；　that　the　arts　and　sciences　should　take
  their　first　rise　in　a　monarchy；　is　to　expect　a　contradiction。
  Before　these　refinements　have　taken　place；　the　monarch　is
  ignorant　and　uninstructed；　and　not　having　knowledge　sufficient　to
  make　him　sensible　of　the　necessity　of　balancing　his　government
  upon　general　laws；　he　delegates　his　full　power　to　all　inferior
  magistrates。　This　barbarous　policy　debases　the　people；　and　for
  ever　prevents　all　improvements。　Were　it　possible；　that；　before
  science　were　known　in　the　world；　a　monarch　could　possess　so　much
  wisdom　as　to　become　a　legislator；　and　govern　his　people　by　law；
  not　by　the　arbitrary　will　of　their　fellow…subjects；　it　might　be
  possible　for　that　species　of　government　to　be　the　first　nursery
  of　arts　and　sciences。　But　that　supposition　seems　scarcely　to　be
  consistent　or　rational。
  It　may　happen；　that　a　republic；　in　its　infant　state；　may　be
  supported　by　as　few　laws　as　a　barbarous　monarchy；　and　may　entrust
  as　unlimited　an　authority　to　its　magistrates　or　judges。　But；
  besides　that　the　frequent　elections　by　the　people；　are　a
  considerable　check　upon　authority；　it　is　impossible；　but；　in
  time；　the　necessity　of　restraining　the　magistrates；　in　order　to
  preserve　liberty；　must　at　last　appear；　and　give　rise　to　general
  laws　and　statutes。　The　Roman　Consuls；　for　some　time；　decided　all
  causes；　without　being　confined　by　any　positive　statutes；　till　the
  people；　bearing　this　yoke　with　impatience；　created　the
  ；　who　promulgated　the　；　a　body　of　laws；
  which；　though；　perhaps；　they　were　not　equal　in　bulk　to　one
  English　act　of　parliament；　were　almost　the　only　written　rules；
  which　regulated　property　and　punishment；　for　some　ages；　in　that
  famous　republic。　They　were；　however；　sufficient；　together　with
  the　forms　of　a　free　government；　to　secure　the　lives　and
  properties　of　the　citizens；　to　exempt　one　man　from　the　dominion
  of　another；　and　to　protect　every　one　against　the　violence　or
  tyranny　of　his　fellow…citizens。　In　such　a　situation　the　sciences
  may　raise　their　heads　and　flourish：　But　never　can　have　being
  amidst　such　a　scene　of　oppression　and　slavery；　as　always　results
  from　barbarous　monarchies；　where　the　people　alone　are　restrained
  by　the　authority　of　the　magistrates；　and　the　magistrates　are　not
  restrained　by　any　law　or　statute。　An　unlimited　despotism　of　this
  nature；　while　it　exists；　effectually　puts　a　stop　to　all
  improvements；　and　keeps　men　from　attaining　that　knowledge；　which
  is　requisite　to　instruct　them　in　the　advantages；　arising　from　a
  better　police；　and　more　moderate　authority。
  Here　then　are　the　advantages　of　free　states。　Though　a
  republic　should　be　barbarous；　it　necessarily；　by　an　infallible
  operation；　gives　rise　to　Law；　even　before　mankind　have　made　any
  considerable　advances　in　the　other　sciences。　From　law　arises
  security：　From　security　curiosity：　And　from　curiosity　knowledge。
  The　latter　steps　of　this　progress　may　be　more　accidental；　but　the
  former　are　altogether　necessary。　A　republic　without　laws　can
  never　have　any　duration。　On　the　contrary；　in　a　monarchical
  government；　law　arises　not　necessarily　from　the　forms　of
  government。　Monarchy；　when　absolute；　contains　even　something
  repugnant　to　law。　Great　wisdom　and　reflection　can　alone　reconcile
  them。　But　such　a　degree　of　wisdom　can　never　be　expected；　before
  the　greater　refinements　and　improvements　of　human　reason。　These
  refinements　require　curiosity；　security；　and　law。　The
  growth；　therefore；　of　the　arts　and　sciences　can　never　be　expected
  in　despotic　governments。
  There　are　other　causes；　which　discourage　the　rise　of　the
  refined　arts　in　despotic　governments；　though　I　take　the　want　of
  laws；　and　the　delegation　of　full　powers　to　every　petty
  magistrate；　to　be　the　principal。　Eloquence　certainly　springs　up
  more　naturally　in　popular　governments：　Emulation　too　in　every
  accomplishment　must　there　be　more　animated　and　enlivened：　And
  genius　and　capacity　have　a　fuller　scope　and　career。　All　these
  causes　render　free　governments　the　only　proper　　for　the
  arts　and　sciences。
  The　next　observation；　which　I　shall　make　on　this　head；　is；
  。　The　emulation；　which
  naturally　arises　among　those　neighbouring　states；　is　an　obvious
  source　of　improvement：　But　what　I　would　chiefly　insist　on　is　the
  stop；　which　such　limited　territories　give　both　to　　and　to
  。
  Extended　governments；　where　a　single　person　has　great
  influence；　soon　become　absolute；　but　small　ones　change　naturally
  into　commonwealths。　A　large　government　is　accustomed　by　degrees
  to　tyranny；　because　each　act　of　violence　is　at　first　performed
  upon　a　part；　which；　being　distant　from　the　majority；　is　not　taken
  notice　of；　nor　excites　any　violent　ferment。　Besides；　a　large
  government；　though　the　whole　be　discontented；　may；　by　a　little
  art；　be　kept　in　obedience；　while　each　part；　ignorant　of　the
  resolutions　of　the　rest；　is　afraid　to　begin　any　commotion　or
  insurrection。　Not　to　mention；　that　there　is　a　superstitious
  reverence　for　princes；　which　mankind　naturally　contract　when　they
  do　not　often　see　the　sovereign；　and　when　many　of　them　become　not
  acquainted　with　him　so　as　to　perceive　his　weaknesses。　And　as
  large　states　can　afford　a　great　expence；　in　order　to　support　the
  pomp　of　majesty；　this　is　a　kind　of　fascination　on　men；　and
  naturally　contributes　to　the　enslaving　of　them。
  In　a　small　government；　any　act　of　oppression　is　immediately
  known　throughout　the　whole：　The　murmurs　and　discontents；
  proceeding　from　it；　are　easily　communicated：　And　the　indignation
  arises　the　higher；　because　the　subjects　are　not　apt　to　apprehend
  in　such　states；　that　the　distance　is　very　wide　between　themselves
  and　their　sovereign。　'No　man；'　said　the　prince　of　Cond偅弧?is　a
  hero　to　his　。'　It　is　certain　that　admiration
  and　acquaintance　are　altogether　incompatible　towards　any　mortal
  creature。　Sleep　and　love　convinced　even　Alexander　himself　that　he
  was　not　a　God：　But　I　suppose　that　such　as　daily　attended　him
  could　easily；　from　the　numberless　weaknesses　to　which　he　was
  subject；　have　given　him　many　still　more　convincing　proofs　of　his
  humanity。
  But　the　divisions　into　small　states　are　favourable　to
  learning；　by　stopping　the　progress　of　　as　well　as　that
  of　。　Reputation　is　often　as　great　a　fascination　upon　men
  as　sovereignty；　and　is　equally　destructive　to　the　freedom　of
  thought　and　examination。　But　where　a　number　of　neighbouring
  states　have　a　great　intercourse　of　arts　and　commerce；　their
  mutual　jealousy　keeps　them　from　receiving　too　lightly　the　law
  from　each　other；　in　matters　of　taste　and　of　reasoning；　and　makes
  them　examine　every　work　of　art　with　the　greatest　care　and
  accuracy。　The　contagion　of　popular　opinion　spreads　not　so　easily
  from　one　place　to　another。　It　readily　receives　a　check　in　some
  state　or　other；　where　it　concurs　not　with　the　prevailing
  prejudices。　And　nothing　but　nature　and　reason；　or；　at　least；　what
  bears　them　a　strong　resemblance；　can　force　its　way　through　all
  obstacles；　and　unite　the　most　rival　nations　into　an　esteem　and
  admiration　of