on　the　other　hand　it　is　friendly；　nonjudgmental；　brief；　blunt；　and；　I　hope；　helpful。
  NOUN
  A　noun　is　a　person；　place；　or　thing　–　either　a　tangible　thing；　like　a　block　of　ice　or　a　head
  of　cattle　or　your　mother　in　law；　or　an　intangible　thing；　like　a　concept　or　an　emotion。
  PRONOUN
  The　dictionary　tells　us　that　pronouns　are　words　that　serve　as　substitutes　for　nouns。　If
  that’s　confusing；　ignore　it　and　let’s　get　right　down　to　the　pronouns。　In　English　they　are　I；
  you；　he；　she；　it；　we；　they；　me；　him；　her；　us；　them；　my；　mine；　your；　yours；　his；　hers；　its；　our；
  ours；　their　and　theirs。
  In　addition；　we　have　INTERROGATIVE　pronouns　（who；　what；　which）　for　asking
  questions。
  We　also　have　RELATIVE　pronouns　（who；　whose；　which；　that）　for　explaining　and
  describing　the　nouns　we　use。
  In　the　sentence　“Who　owns　that　house？”　the　pronoun　who　is　used　in　interrogative
  form。　It’s　asking　a　question。　In　the　sentence　“The　man　who　owns　that　house　is　nice；”　the
  pronoun　who　is　used　in　its　relative　sense。　You’re　not　asking　anybody　a　question；　you’re
  identifying　the　man。　“The　man　whose　house…；”　“The　house；　which　I　visited…；”　and
  “The　house　that　I　visited…”　all　demonstrate　the　use　of　relative　pronouns。
  VERB
  A　verb　is　an　action　word　–　to　do；　to　go；　to　want；　to　think。　Chances　are　that　any　word　that
  sounds　right　after　the　word　to　（provided　the　to　doesn’t　mean　“toward”　or　“in　the　direction
  of”）　is　a　verb。　English　verbs　are　so　consistent　（unchanging）；　it’s　easy　for　the　English
  speaker　to　get　overwhelmed　when　tackling　a　language　whose　verbs　INFLECT　（change
  forms）；　as　all　the　Romance；　the　Slavic；　and　many　other　languages’　verbs　do。　When　we
  follow　a　verb　through　all　its　forms　（I　go；　you　go；　he　goes；　we　go；　they　go；　in　the　present
  tense；　past　tense；　future　tense；　etc。）　we　are　CONJUGATING　that　verb。　You’ll　feel　less
  bewildered　if　you　stop　to　realise　that　our　own　English　verbs　inflect　just　enough　to　give
  you　the　idea　of　changing　forms。　The　present　tense；　third　person　singular　form　of　the
  English　verb　（the　he　form）　usually　adds　an　s　（I　give；　you　give；　but　he　gives）。
  INFINITIVE
  An　infinitive　is　a　verb　in　neutral　gear。　In　English　the　infinitive　is　the　form　we　talked
  about　above　–　to　go；　to　do；　etc。　The　infinitive　form　of　the　verb　go　is　therefore　to　go。　That
  doesn’t　tell　you　who’s　going　or　when　he’s　going　or；　in　case　he’s　already　gone；　when　he
  went。　The　infinitive　is　just　hanging　there；　ready　to　express　any　and　all　of　the　above
  possibilities　when　the　proper　INFLECTIONS；　changes；　are　applied。
  The　gears　that　neutral　infinitives　can　shift　into　involve　PERSON；　NUMBER；　and　TENSE。
  We’ll　tackle　them　in　that　order。
  PERSON
  I　am　FIRST　PERSON。　You　are　SECOND　PERSON。　He；　she；　or　it　is　THIRD　PERSON。　The　fussbudget
  grammarian　wants　to　blow　the　whistle　right　here　and　remind　us　that　we；　you；　and　they　are
  also　first；　second；　and　third　person。　Don’t　rush　me。　We’re　getting　to　it。
  NUMBER
  Number；　in　English　and　most　other　languages；　is　either　SINGULAR　or　PLURAL。　（In　Russian
  and　other　Slavic　languages　there’s　a　third　one。　They　have　singular；　plural；　and　really
  plural。　Be　grateful！）　I；　the　first　person；　am　only　one　individual。　Therefore　I　am　first
  person　singular。　You；　by　yourself；　are　second　person　singular。　He；　she；　and　it　are　third
  person　singular。
  We　are　more　than　one　person；　therefore　we　are　first　person　plural。　You；　meaning　two
  or　more　of　you；　are　second　person　plural。　Second　person　singular　and　second　person
  plural　in　English　happen　to　look　and　sound　identical。　That’s　not　so　in　all　languages。　They
  are　third　person　plural。　The　one　English　word　they　covers　as　many　he’s；　she’s　and　it’s　as
  anybody　can　possibly　throw　at　you。　Again；　not　all　languages　are　so　obliging！
  TENSES
  Even　those　who　didn’t　pay　much　attention　in　school　shouldn’t　have　difficulty　with　tenses。
  I　am　is　PRESENT　tense。　（To　give　it　its　full　name　and　rank　we’d　have　to　say　I　am　is　the
  present　tense；　first　person　singular　of　the　verb　to　be。）
  You　were　is　PAST　tense；　or；　more　fully；　the　past　tense；　second　person　singular　（in　this
  case　it　could　be　plural　too）　of　the　verb　to　be。
  He　will　be　is　FUTURE　tense；　or　the　future　tense；　third　person　singular　of　the　verb　to
  be。
  The　PERFECT　tense　is　another　form　of　the　past　tense　that　expresses　not　I　was　but
  rather　I　have　been。　（Perfect　here　just　means　“finished。”）　This　tense　is　more　important　in
  English　than　in　many　other　languages；　and　more　important　in　French　than　in　English。
  The　PAST　PERFECT　（also　called　PLUPERFECT）　tense　is　I　had　been。　It　takes　place　before
  the　“regular”　past。
  The　IMPERFECT　（“unfinished”）　tense　is　I　was　being；　I　was　walking；　I　was　going；
  doing；　etc。
  The　CONDITIONAL　tense　is　I　would　be。
  There　are　more　tenses；　and　they　may　vary　from　language　to　language；　but　that’s
  enough　to　give　you　the　hang　of　what　tenses　are。
  AUXILIARIES
  As　the　name　suggests；　auxiliaries　are　words　that　help　you　accomplish　something。　In
  English；　the　verb　to　have　serves　as　the　auxiliary　that　helps　us　form　the　perfect　tenses　（I
  have　been；　I　had　been）。　The　verb　to　be　serves　as　the　auxiliary　that　helps　us　form　the
  imperfect　tense　（I　was　going）。
  NOUN　CASES
  Just　as　ice；　water；　and　steam　are　merely　different　forms　of　the　same　thing；　I；　me；　my；　and
  mine　are　merely　different　forms　of　the　same　word。　You　pick　the　form　according　to　what
  CASE　you　need。　（Yes！　You　already　do　this　in　English。）　Let’s　advance　on　case　now　and
  destroy　its　mystery　before　it　destroys　your　enthusiasm。
  Noun　（and　pronoun）　cases　turn　more　people　away　from　learning　languages　than
  boot　camp　turns　away　from　joining　the　marines。　And　the　same　reason　underlies　both。
  Those　who’ve　been　there　enjoy　boosting　their　own　glory　by　exaggerating　the　difficulties
  involved　to　the　intimidated　uninitiated。
  “Wait　until　those　drill　instructors　at　Parris　Island　get　a　hold　of　you！”　is　essentially
  the　same　comment　as　“Wait　until　you　run　into　all　those　noun　cases！”　You　may　recall　with
  distaste　the　trouble　you　had　with　Latin’s　six　noun　cases。　Russian　also　has　six　noun　cases。
  Serbo…Croatian　has　seven。　Other　languages　have　even　more。
  Anyone　studying　a　language　bristling　with　noun　cases　knows　the　sinking　feeling　of
  leaving　warm；　shallow　water　and　running　into　wave　after　wave　of　charts　showing　nouns
  that　change　their　endings　for　no　apparent　reason！
  You　can　ride　those　waves。　Those　nouns；　in　fact；　change　for　very　good　reasons；
  reasons　that　are　easy　to　catch　on　to　provided　you’re　not　labouring　under　the　spell　of　a
  showoff　know…it…all　who　tells　you；　“Finnish！　Forget　it。　They　have　fifteen　noun　cases　in
  the　singular　and　sixteen　in　the　plural！”
  Fortunately；　English　has　just　enough　of　what　we　call　noun　cases　to　prove　they’re
  nothing　to　fear。
  Let’s　play　with　the　word　house。　“The　house　is　large。”　“The　exterior　of　the　house　us
  green。”　“Let’s　go　to　the　house。”　“I　see　the　house。”　In　all　of　those　sentences；　the　form　of
  house　remains　mercifully　（for　anybody　learning　English）　the　same。　If　there　were　any
  reason　to　strain　a　point　and　prove　that　plain　English　nouns　can　have　case　too；　we　could
  confect　the　sentence　“The　house’s　exterior　is　green；”　and　point　out　that　house’s　is　the
  genitive　case　of　house。
  To　get　a　fuller　example　of　case；　we　have　to　go　to　our　English　pronouns。　“I　have　a
  pen。”　“My　pen　is　good。”　“Give　the　pen　to　me。”　“Do　you　hear　me？”
  Look　what　happened　to　I　as　it　changed　roles　in　the　various　sentences。　In　the
  sentence　“I　have　a　pen；”　I　is　the　subject　of　the　sentence。　In　the　sentence　“My　pen　is
  good；”　I　has　changed　to　my　to　express　the　concept　of　possession。　In　the　sentence　“Give
  the　pen　to　me；”　I　becomes　the　indirect　object　of　the　giving；　and　in　the　sentence　“Do　you
  hear　me？”　I　becomes　the　direct　object　of　the　verb　hear。
  If　I　wanted　to　discourage　you　instead　of　inspire　you；　I　would　say；　“We　have　now
  met　the　NOMINATIVE　case；　the　GENITIVE　case；　the　DATIVE　case；　and　the　ACCUSATIVE　case；
  and　we’re　all　going　to　stay　right　here　and　not　come　up　for　air　until　you　can　decline　（give
  me　the　lineup　of）　189　nouns　in　all　those　cases　in　the　language　you’d　like　to　learn！”
  Instead　I　say　let’s　move　forward　and　learn　how　to　say　things　and　read　things　and
  understand　things　in　the　language。　You　can　learn　about　noun　cases　and　other　grammatical
  complexities　exactly　the　way　you　learned　your　uncles　and　aunts　when　you　were　a　baby　–
  one　hug；　one　kiss；　one　lollipop　at　a　time。
  When　we　carry　the　noun　through　all　its　cases　we　say　we’re　DECLINING　that　noun。
  Noun　cases　tip　you　off　to　the　role　of　the　noun　or　pronoun　in　a　sentence。　Many　languages
  need　them　to　tell　you　who　is　doing　what　to　whom。　Approach　them　with　a　good　attitude
  and　you　will　feel　the　wisdom　of　Mark　Twain’s　little　sermon；　“Fear　knocked　at　the　door。
  Faith　answered。　No　one　was　there。”
  ADJECTIVE