which　was　to　be　theirs　all　through　the　years　of　the　great　unrest；
  when　they　acted　as　the　brute　force　which　was　used　by　the　actual
  leaders　of　the　Revolution　to　secure　those　things　which　could
  not　be　obtained　in　a　legitimate　fashion。
  As　a　sop　to　the　peasants　and　the　middle　class；　Necker　de…
  cided　that　they　should　be　allowed　a　double　representation　in
  the　Estates　General。　Upon　this　subject；　the　Abbe　Sieyes　then
  wrote　a　famous　pamphlet；　‘‘To　what　does　the　Third　Estate
  Amount？''　in　which　he　came　to　the　conclusion　that　the　Third
  Estate　（a　name　given　to　the　middle　class）　ought　to　amount　to
  everything；　that　it　had　not　amounted　to　anything　in　the　past；
  and　that　it　now　desired　to　amount　to　something。　He　expressed
  the　sentiment　of　the　great　majority　of　the　people　who　had　the
  best　interests　of　the　country　at　heart。
  Finally　the　elections　took　place　under　the　worst　conditions
  imaginable。　When　they　were　over；　308　clergymen；　285　noblemen
  and　621　representatives　of　the　Third　Estate　packed　their
  trunks　to　go　to　Versailles。　The　Third　Estate　was　obliged　to
  carry　additional　luggage。　This　consisted　of　voluminous　reports
  called　‘‘cahiers''　in　which　the　many　complaints　and　grievances
  of　their　constituents　had　been　written　down。　The　stage
  was　set　for　the　great　final　act　that　was　to　save　France。
  The　Estates　General　came　together　on　May　5th；　1789。
  The　king　was　in　a　bad　humour。　The　Clergy　and　the　Nobility
  let　it　be　known　that　they　were　unwilling　to　give　up　a　single　one
  of　their　privileges。　The　king　ordered　the　three　groups　of
  representatives　to　meet　in　different　rooms　and　discuss　their
  grievances　separately。　The　Third　Estate　refused　to　obey　the　royal
  command。　They　took　a　solemn　oath　to　that　effect　in　a　squash
  court　（hastily　put　in　order　for　the　purpose　of　this　illegal　meeting）
  on　the　20th　of　June；　1789。　They　insisted　that　all　three
  Estates；　Nobility；　Clergy　and　Third　Estate；　should　meet　together
  and　so　informed　His　Majesty。　The　king　gave　in。
  As　the　‘‘National　Assembly；''　the　Estates　General　began
  to　discuss　the　state　of　the　French　kingdom。　The　King　got
  angry。　Then　again　he　hesitated。　He　said　that　he　would　never
  surrender　his　absolute　power。　Then　he　went　hunting；　forgot
  all　about　the　cares　of　the　state　and　when　he　returned　from　the
  chase　he　gave　in。　For　it　was　the　royal　habit　to　do　the　right
  thing　at　the　wrong　time　in　the　wrong　way。　When　the　people
  clamoured　for　A；　the　king　scolded　them　and　gave　them　nothing。
  Then；　when　the　Palace　was　surrounded　by　a　howling　multitude
  of　poor　people；　the　king　surrendered　and　gave　his　subjects
  what　they　had　asked　for。　By　this　time；　however；　the　people
  wanted　A　plus　B。　The　comedy　was　repeated。　When　the　king
  signed　his　name　to　the　Royal　Decree　which　granted　his　beloved
  subjects　A　and　B　they　were　threatening　to　kill　the　entire　royal
  family　unless　they　received　A　plus　B　plus　C。　And　so　on；
  through　the　whole　alphabet　and　up　to　the　scaffold。
  Unfortunately　the　king　was　always　just　one　letter　behind。
  He　never　understood　this。　Even　when　he　laid　his　head　under
  the　guillotine；　he　felt　that　he　was　a　much…abused　man　who　had
  received　a　most　unwarrantable　treatment　at　the　hands　of　people
  whom　he　had　loved　to　the　best　of　his　limited　ability。
  Historical　‘‘ifs；''　as　I　have　often　warned　you；　are　never　of
  any　value。　It　is　very　easy　for　us　to　say　that　the　monarchy
  might　have　been　saved　‘‘if''　Louis　had　been　a　man　of　greater
  energy　and　less　kindness　of　heart。　But　the　king　was　not　alone。
  Even　‘‘if''　he　had　possessed　the　ruthless　strength　of　Napoleon；
  his　career　during　these　difficult　days　might　have　been　easily
  ruined　by　his　wife　who　was　the　daughter　of　Maria　Theresa　of
  Austria　and　who　possessed　all　the　characteristic　virtues　and
  vices　of　a　young　girl　who　had　been　brought　up　at　the　most
  autocratic　and　mediaeval　court　of　that　age。
  She　decided　that　some　action　must　be　taken　and　planned　a
  counter…revolution。　Necker　was　suddenly　dismissed　and　loyal
  troops　were　called　to　Paris。　The　people；　when　they　heard　of
  this；　stormed　the　fortress　of　the　Bastille　prison；　and　on　the
  fourteenth　of　July　of　the　year　1789；　they　destroyed　this
  familiar　but　much…hated　symbol　of　Autocratic　Power
  which　had　long　since　ceased　to　be　a　political　prison　and
  was　now　used　as　the　city　lock…up　for　pickpockets　and　second…
  story　men。　Many　of　the　nobles　took　the　hint　and　left　the
  country。　But　the　king　as　usual　did　nothing。　He　had　been
  hunting　on　the　day　of　the　fall　of　the　Bastille　and　he　had　shot
  several　deer　and　felt　very　much　pleased。
  The　National　Assembly　now　set　to　work　and　on　the　4th　of
  August；　with　the　noise　of　the　Parisian　multitude　in　their　ears；
  they　abolished　all　privileges。　This　was　followed　on　the　27th
  of　August　by　the　‘‘Declaration　of　the　Rights　of　Man；''　the
  famous　preamble　to　the　first　French　constitution。　So　far　so
  good；　but　the　court　had　apparently　not　yet　learned　its　lesson。
  There　was　a　wide…spread　suspicion　that　the　king　was　again
  trying　to　interfere　with　these　reforms　and　as　a　result；　on　the
  5th　of　October；　there　was　a　second　riot　in　Paris。　It　spread　to
  Versailles　and　the　people　were　not　pacified　until　they　had
  brought　the　king　back　to　his　palace　in　Paris。　They　did　not
  trust　him　in　Versailles。　They　liked　to　have　him　where　they
  could　watch　him　and　control　his　correspondence　with　his　relatives
  in　Vienna　and　Madrid　and　the　other　courts　of　Europe。
  In　the　Assembly　meanwhile；　Mirabeau；　a　nobleman　who
  had　become　leader　of　the　Third　Estate；　was　beginning　to　put
  order　into　chaos。　But　before　he　could　save　the　position　of　the
  king　he　died；　on　the　2nd　of　April　of　the　year　1791。　The　king；
  who　now　began　to　fear　for　his　own　life；　tried　to　escape　on　the
  21st　of　June。　He　was　recognised　from　his　picture　on　a　coin；
  was　stopped　near　the　village　of　Varennes　by　members　of　the
  National　Guard；　and　was　brought　back　to　Paris；
  In　September　of　1791；　the　first　constitution　of　France　was
  accepted；　and　the　members　of　the　National　Assembly　went
  home。　On　the　first　of　October　of　1791；　the　legislative　assembly
  came　together　to　continue　the　work　of　the　National
  Assembly。　In　this　new　gathering　of　popular　representatives
  there　were　many　extremely　revolutionary　elements。　The
  boldest　among　these　were　known　as　the　Jacobins；　after　the　old
  Jacobin　cloister　in　which　they　held　their　political　meetings。
  These　young　men　（most　of　them　belonging　to　the　professional
  classes）　made　very　violent　speeches　and　when　the　newspapers
  carried　these　orations　to　Berlin　and　Vienna；　the　King　of
  Prussia　and　the　Emperor　decided　that　they　must　do　something
  to　save　their　good　brother　and　sister。　They　were　very　busy
  just　then　dividing　the　kingdom　of　Poland；　where　rival　political
  factions　had　caused　such　a　state　of　disorder　that　the　country
  was　at　the　mercy　of　anybody　who　wanted　to　take　a　couple　of
  provinces。　But　they　managed　to　send　an　army　to　invade
  France　and　deliver　the　king。
  Then　a　terrible　panic　of　fear　swept　throughout　the　land
  of　France。　All　the　pent…up　hatred　of　years　of　hunger　and
  suffering　came　to　a　horrible　climax。　The　mob　of　Paris　stormed
  the　palace　of　the　Tuilleries。　The　faithful　Swiss　bodyguards
  tried　to　defend　their　master；　but　Louis；　unable　to　make　up　his
  mind；　gave　order　to　‘‘cease　firing''　just　when　the　crowd　was
  retiring。　The　people；　drunk　with　blood　and　noise　and　cheap
  wine；　murdered　the　Swiss　to　the　last　man；　then　invaded　the
  palace；　and　went　after　Louis　who　had　escaped　into　the　meeting
  hall　of　the　Assembly；　where　he　was　immediately　suspended　of
  his　office；　and　from　where　he　was　taken　as　a　prisoner　to　the
  old　castle　of　the　Temple。
  But　the　armies　of　Austria　and　Prussia　continued　their　advance
  and　the　panic　changed　into　hysteria　and　turned　men　and
  women　into　wild　beasts。　In　the　first　week　of　September　of
  the　year　1792；　the　crowd　broke　into　the　jails　and　murdered　all
  the　prisoners。　The　government　did　not　interfere。　The　Jacobins；
  headed　by　Danton；　knew　that　this　crisis　meant　either　the
  success　or　the　failure　of　the　revolution；　and　that　only　the　most
  brutal　audacity　could　save　them。　The　Legislative　Assembly
  was　closed　and　on　the　21st　of　September　of　the　year　1792；　a
  new　National　Convention　came　together。　It　was　a　body　composed
  almost　entirely　of　extreme　revolutionists。　The　king　was
  formally　accused　of　high　treason　and　was　brought　before　the
  Convention。　He　was　found　guilty　and　by　a　vote　of　361　to　360
  （the　extra　vote　being　that　of　his　cousin　the　Duke　of　Orleans）
  he　was　condemned　to　death。　On　the　21st　of　January　of　the
  year　1793；　he　quietly　and　with　much　dignity　suffered　himself
  to　be　taken　to　the　scaffold。　He　had　never　understood　what　all
  the　shooting　and　the　fuss　had　been　about。　And　he　had　been　too
  proud　to　ask　questions。
  Then　the　Jacobins　turned　against　the　more　moderate　element
  in　the　convention；　the　Girondists；　called　after　their　southern
  district；　the　Gironde。　A　special　revolutionary　tribunal　was
  instituted　and　twenty…one　of　the　le