DROVE　THE　PERSIANS　BACK　ACROSS　THE　AEGEAN　SEA
  19。　HOW　ATHENS　AND　SPARTA　FOUGHT　A　LONG　AND　DISASTROUS　WAR
  FOR　THE　LEADERSHIP　OF　GREECE
  20。　ALEXANDER　THE　MACEDONIAN　ESTABLISHES　A　GREEK　WORLD
  EMPIRE；　AND　WHAT　BECAME　OF　THIS　HIGH　AMBITION
  21。　A　SHORT　SUMMARY　OF　CHAPTERS　1　TO　20
  22。　THE　SEMITIC　COLONY　OF　CARTHAGE　ON　THE　NORTHERN　COAST　OF
  AFRICA　AND　THE　INDO…EUROPEAN　CITY　OF　ROME　ON　THE　WEST
  COAST　OF　ITALY　FOUGHT　EACH　OTHER　FOR　THE　POSSESSION　OF
  THE　WESTERN　MEDITERRANEAN　AND　CARTHAGE　WAS　DESTROYED
  23。　HOW　ROME　HAPPENED
  24。　HOW　THE　REPUBLIC　OF　ROME；　AFTER　CENTURIES　OF　UNREST　AND
  REVOLUTION；　BECAME　AN　EMPIRE
  25。　THE　STORY　OF　JOSHUA　OF　NAZARETH；　WHOM　THE　GREEKS　CALLED
  JESUS
  26。　THE　TWILIGHT　OF　ROME
  27。　HOW　ROME　BECAME　THE　CENTRE　OF　THE　CHRISTIAN　WORLD
  28。　AHMED；　THE　CAMEL　DRIVER；　WHO　BECAME　THE　PROPHET　OF　THE
  ARABIAN　DESERT；　AND　WHOSE　FOLLOWERS　ALMOST　CONQUERED
  THE　ENTIRE　KNOWN　WORLD　FOR　THE　GREATER　GLORY　OF
  ALLAH；　THE　‘‘ONLY　TRUE　GOD''
  29。　HOW　CHARLEMAGNE；　THE　KING　OF　THE　~　RANKS；　CAME　TO　BEAR
  THE　TITLE　OF　EMPEROR　AND　TRIED　TO　REVIVE　THE　OLD　IDEAL
  OF　WORLD…EMPIRE
  30。　WHY　THE　PEOPLE　OF　THE　TENTH　CENTURY　PRAYED　THE　LORD
  TO　PROTECT　THEM　FROM　THE　FURY　OF　THE　NORSEMEN
  31。　HOW　CENTRAL　EUROPE；　ATTACKED　FROM　THREE　SIDES；　BECAME
  AN　ARMED　CAMP　AND　WHY　EUROPE　WOULD　HAVE　PERISHED
  WITHOUT　THOSE　PROFESSIONAL　SOLDIERS　AND　ADMINISTRATORS
  WHO　WERE　PART　OF　THE　FEUDAL　SYSTEM
  32。　CHIVALRY
  33。　THE　STRANGE　DOUBLE　LOYALTY　OF　THE　PEOPLE　OF　THE　MIDDLE
  AGES；　AND　HOW　IT　LED　TO　ENDLESS　QUARRELS　BETWEEN　THE
  POPES　AND　THE　HOLY　ROMAN　EMPERORS
  34。　BUT　ALL　THESE　DIFFERENT　QUARRELS　WERE　FORGOTTEN　WHEN
  THE　TURKS　TOOK　THE　HOLY　LAND；　DESECRATED　THE　HOLY
  PLACES　AND　INTERFERED　SERIOUSLY　WITH　THE　TRADE　FROM
  EAST　TO　WEST。　EUROPE　WENT　CRUSADING
  35。　WHY　THE　PEOPLE　OF　THE　MIDDLE　AGES　SAID　THAT　CITY　AIR
  IS　FREE　AIR
  36。　HOW　THE　PEOPLE　OF　THE　CITIES　ASSERTED　THEIR　RIGHT
  TO　BE　HEARD　IN　THE　ROYAL　COUNCILS　OF　THEIR　COUNTRY
  37。　WHAT　THE　PEOPLE　OF　THE　MIDDLE　AGES　THOUGHT　OF　THE
  WORLD　IN　WHICH　THEY　HAPPENED　TO　LIVE
  38。　HOW　THE　CRUSADES　ONCE　MORE　MADE　THE　MEDITERRANEAN　A
  BUSY　CENTRE　OF　TBADE　AND　HOW　THE　CITIES　OF　THE　ITALIAN
  PENINSULA　BECAME　THE　GREAT　DISTRIBUTING　CENTRE　FOR　THE
  COMMERCE　WITH　ASIA　AND　AFRICA
  39。　PEOPLE　ONCE　MORE　DARED　TO　BE　HAPPY　JUST　BECAUSE　THEY
  WERE　ALIVE。　THEY　TRIED　TO　SAVE　THE　REMAINS　OF　THE
  OLDER　AND　MORE　AGREEABLE　CIVILISATION　OF　ROME　AND
  GREECE　AND　THEY　WERE　80　PROUD　OF　THEIR　ACHIEVEMENTS
  THAT　THEY　SPOKE　OF　A　RENAISSANCE　OR　RE…BIRTH　OF
  CIVILISATION
  40。　THE　PEOPLE　BEGAN　TO　FEEL　THE　NEED　OF　GIVING　EXPRESSION
  TO　THEIR　NEWLY　DISCOVERED　JOY　OF　LIVING。　THEY　EXPRESSED
  THEIR　HAPPINES9　IN　POETRY　AND　IN　SCULPTURE　AND
  IN　ARCHITECTURE　AND　PAINTING；　AND　IN　THE　BOOKS　THEY
  PRINTED
  41。　BUT　NOW　THAT　PEOPLE　HAD　BROKEN　THROUGH　THE　BONDS　OF
  THEIR　NARROW　~IEDIIEVAL　LIMITATIONS；　THEY　HAD　TO　HAVE
  MORE　ROOM　FOR　THEIR　WANDERINGS。　THE　EUROPEAN　WORLD
  HAD　GROWN　TOO　SMALL　FOR　THEIR　AMBITIONS。　IT　WAS　THE
  TIME　OF　THE　GREAT　VOYAGES　OF　DISCOVERY
  42。　CONCERNING　BUDDHA　AND　CONFUCIUS
  43。　THE　PROGRESS　OF　THE　HUMAN　RACE　IS　BEST　COMPARED　TO　A
  GIGANTIC　PENDULUM　WHICH　FOREVER　SWINGS　FORWARD　AND
  BACKWARD。　THE　RELIGIOUS　INDIFFERENCE　AND　THE　ARTISTIC
  AND　LITERARY　ENTHUSIASM　OF　THE　RENAISSANCE　WERE　FOLLOWED
  BY　THE　ARTISTIC　AND　LITERARY　INDIFFERENCE　AND　THE
  RELIGIOITS　ENTHUSIASM　OF　THE　REFORMATION
  44。　THE　AGE　OF　THE　GREAT　RELIGIOUS　CONTROVERSIES
  45。　HOW　THE　STRUGGLE　BETWEEN　THE　DIVINE　RIGHT　OF　KINGS
  AND　THE　LESS　DIVINE　BUT　MORE　REASONABLE　RIGHT　OF
  PARLIAMENT　ENDED　DISASTROUSLY　FOR　KING　CHARLES　II
  46。　IN　FRANCE；　ON　THE　OTHER　HAND；　THE　DIVINE　RIGHT　OF　KINGS
  CONTINUED　WITH　GREATER　POMP　AND　SPLENDOR　THAN　EVER
  BEFORE　AND　THE　AMBITION　OF　THE　RULER　WAS　ONLY　TEMPERED
  BY　THE　NEWLY　INVENTED　LAW　OF　THE　BALANCE　OF　POWER
  47。　THE　STORY　OF　THE　MYSTERIOUS　MUSCOVITE　EMPIRE　WHICH　SUDDENLY
  BURST　UPON　THE　GRAND　POLITICAL　STAGE　OF　EUROPE
  48。　RUSSIA　AND　SWEDEN　FOUGHT　MANY　WARS　TO　DECIDE　WHO
  SHALL　BE　THE　LEADING　POWER　OF　NORTHEASTERN　EUROPE
  49。　THE　EXTRAORDINARY　RISE　OF　A　LITTLE　STATE　IN　A　DREARY　PART
  OF　NORTHERN　GERMANY；　CALLED　PRUSSIA
  50。　HOW　THE　NEWLY　FOUNDED　NATIONAL　OR　DYNASTIC　STATES　OF
  EUROPE　TRIED　TO　MAKE　THEMSELVES　RICH　AND　WHAT　WAS
  MEANT　BY　THE　MERCANTILE　SYSTEM
  51。　AT　THE　END　OF　THE　EIGHTEENTH　CENTURY　EUROPE　HEARD
  STRANGE　REPORTS　OF　SOMETHING　WHICH　HAD　HAPPENED　IN
  THE　WILDERNESS　OF　THE　NORTH　AMERICAN　CONTINENT。　THE
  DESCENDANTS　OF　THE　MEN　WHO　HAD　PUNISHED　KING　CHARLES
  FOR　HIS　INSISTENCE　UPON　HIS　DIVINE　RIGHTS　ADDED　A
  NEW　CHAPTER　TO　THE　OLD　STORY　OF　THE　STRUGGLE　FOR　SELF…
  GOVERNMENT
  62。　THE　GREAT　FRENCH　REVOLUTION　PROCLAIMS　THE　PRINCIPLES
  OF　LIBERTY；　FRATERNITY　AND　EQUALITY　UNTO　All　THE　PEOPLE
  OF　THE　EARTH
  53。　NAPOLEON
  54。　AS　SOON　AS　NAPOLEON　HAD　BEEN　SENT　TO　ST。　HELENA；　THE
  RULERS　WHO　SO　OFTEN　HAD　BEEN　DEFEATED　BY　THE　HATED
  CORSICAN　MET　AT　VIENNA　AND　TRIED　TO　UNDO　THE　MANY
  CHANCES　WHICH　HAD　BEEN　BROUGHT　ABOUT　BY　THE　FRENCH
  REVOLUTION
  55。　THEY　TRIED　TO　ASSURE　THE　WORLD　AN　ERA　OF　UNDISTURBED
  PEACE　BY　SUPPRESSING　ALL　NEW　IDEAS。　THEY　MADE　THE
  POLICE…SPY　THE　HIGHEST　FUNCTIONARY　IN　THE　STATE　AND
  SOON　THE　PRISONS　OF　AIL　COUNTRIES　WERE　FILLED　WITH
  THOSE　WHO　CLAIMED　THAT　PEOPLE　HAVE　THE　RIGHT　TO
  GOVERN　THEMSELVES　AS　THEY　SEE　FIT
  56。　THE　LOVE　OF　NATIONAL　INDEPENDENCE；　HOWEVER；　WAS　TOO
  STRONG　TO　BE　DESTROYED　IN　THIS　WAY。　THE　SOUTH　AMERICANS
  WERE　THE　FIRST　TO　REBEL　AGAINST　THE　REACTIONARY
  MEASURES　OF　THE　CONGRESS　OF　VIENNA。　GREECE　AND　BELGIUM
  AND　SPAIN　AND　A　LARGE　NUMBER　OF　OTHER　COUNTRIES
  OF　THE　EUROPEAN　CONTINENT　FOLLOWED　SUIT　AND　THE
  NINETEENTH　CENTURY　WAS　FILLED　WITH　THE　RUMOR　OF　MANY
  WARS　OF　INDEPENDENCE
  57。　BUT　WHITE　THE　PEOPLE　OF　EUROPE　WERE　FIGHTING　FOR　THEIR
  NATIONAL　INDEPENDENCE；　THE　WORLD　IN　WHICH　THEY　LIVED
  HAD　BEEN　ENTIRELY　CHANGED　BY　A　SERIES　OF　INVENTIONS；
  WHICH　HAD　MADE　THE　CLUMSY　OLD　STEAM…ENGINE　OF　THE
  EIGHTEENTH　CENTURY　THE　MOST　FAITHFUL　AND　EFFICIENT
  STAVE　OF　MAN
  58。　THE　NEW　ENGINES　WERE　VERY　EXPENSIVE　AND　ONLY　PEOPLE
  OF　WEALTH　COULD　AFFORD　THEM。　THE　OLD　CARPENTER　OR
  SHOEMAKER　WHO　HAD　BEEN　HIS　OWN　MASTER　IN　HIS　LITTLE
  WORKSHOP　WAS　OBLIGED　TO　HIRE　HIMSELF　OUT　TO　THE　OWNERS
  OF　THE　BIG　MECHANICAL　TOOLS；　AND　WHITE　HE　MADE
  MORE　MONEY　THAN　BEFORE；　HE　LOST　HIS　FORMER　INDEPENDENCE
  AND　HE　DID　NOT　LIKE　THAT
  59。　THE　GENERAL　INTRODUCTION　OF　MACHINERY　DID　NOT　BRING
  ABOUT　THE　ERA　OF　HAPPINESS　AND　PROSPERITY　WHICH　HAD
  BEEN　PREDICTED　BY　THE　GENERATION　WHICH　SAW　THE　STAGE
  COACH　REPLACED　BY　THE　RAILROAD。　SEVERAL　REMEDIES
  WERE　SUGGESTED；　BUT　NONE　OF　THESE　QUITE　SOLVED　THE
  PROBLEM
  60。　BUT　THE　WORLD　HAD　UNDERGONE　ANOTHER　CHANGE　WHICH　WAS
  OF　GREATER　IMPORTANCE　THAN　EITHER　THE　POLITICAL　OR　THE
  INDUSTRIAL　REVOLUTIONS。　AFTER　GENERATIONS　OF　OPPRESSION
  AND　PERSECUTION；　THE　SCIENTIST　HAD　AT　LAST　GAINED
  LIBERTY　OF　ACTION　AND　HE　WAS　NOW　TRYING　TO　DISCOVER
  THE　FUNDAMENTAL　LAWS　WHICH　GOVERN　THE　UNIVERSE
  61。　A　CHAPTER　OF　ART
  62。　THE　LAST　FIFTY　YEARS；　INCLUDING　SEVERAL　EXPLANATIONS
  AND　A　FEW　APOLOGIES
  63。　THE　GREAT　WAR；　WHICH　WAS　REALLY　THE　STRUGGLE　FOR　A
  NEW　AND　BETTER　WORLD
  64。ANIMATED　CHRONOLOGY
  65。CONCERNING　THE　PICTURES
  66。AN　HISTORICAL　READING　LIST　FOR　CHILDREN
  67。INDEX
  THE　STORY　OF　MANKIND
  HIGH　Up　in　the　North　in　the　land　called　Svithjod；　there
  stands　a　rock。　It　is　a　hundred　miles　high　and　a　hundred　miles
  wide。　Once　every　thousand　years　a　little　bird　comes　to　this
  rock　to　sharpen　its　beak。
  When　the　rock　has　thus　been　worn　away；　then　a　single　day
  of　eternity　will　have　gone　by。
  THE　SETTING　OF　THE　STAGE
  WE　live　under　the　shadow　of　a　gigantic　question　mark。
  Who　are　we？
  Where　do　we　come　from？
  Whither　are　we　bound？
  Slowly；　but　with　persistent　courage；　we　have　been　pushing
  this　question　mark　further　and　further　towards　that　distant
  line；　beyond　the　horizon；　where　we　hope　to　find　our　answer。
  We　have　not　gone　very　far。
  We　still　know　very　little　but　we　have　reached　the　point
  where　（with　a　fair　degree　of　accuracy）　we　can　guess　at　many
  things。
  In　this　chapter　I　shall　tell　you　how　（according　to　our　best
  belief）　the　stage　was　set　for　the　first　appearance　of　man。
  If　we　represent　the　time　during　which　it　has　been　possible　for
  animal　life　to　exist　upon　our　planet　by　a　line　of　this　length；
  then　the　tiny　line　just　below　indicates　the　age　during　which
  man　（or　a　creature　more　or　less　resembling　man）　has　lived
  upon　this　earth。
  Man　was　the　last　to　come　but　the　first　to　use　his　brain　for
  the　purpose　of　conquering　the　forces　of　nature。　That　is　the
  reason　why　we　are　going　to　study　him；　rather　than　cats　or
  dogs　or　horses　or　any　of　the　other　animals；　who；　all　in　their
  own　way；　have　a　very　interesting　historical　development　behind
  them。
  In　the　beginning；　the　planet　upon　which　we　live　was　（as　far
  as　we　now　know）　a　large　ball　of　flamin