them；　except　as　invaders　and　usurpers。　A　few　broken　monuments　are
  all　that　remain　to　bear　witness　to　their　power　and　dominion；　as
  solitary　rocks；　left　far　in　the　interior；　bear　testimony　to　the　extent
  of　some　vast　inundation。　Such　is　the　Alhambra。　A　Moslem　pile　in　the
  midst　of　a　Christian　land；　an　Oriental　palace　amidst　the　Gothic
  edifices　of　the　West；　an　elegant　memento　of　a　brave；　intelligent；
  and　graceful　people；　who　conquered；　ruled；　flourished；　and　passed
  away。
  The　Jesuits'　Library。
  SINCE　indulging　in　the　foregoing　reverie；　my　curiosity　has　been
  aroused　to　know　something　of　the　princes；　who　left　behind　them　this
  monument　of　Oriental　taste　and　magnificence；　and　whose　names　still
  appear　among　the　inscriptions　on　its　walls。　To　gratify　this　curiosity；
  I　have　descended　from　this　region　of　fancy　and　fable；　where　every
  thing　is　liable　to　take　an　imaginary　tint；　and　have　carried　my
  researches　among　the　dusty　tomes　of　the　old　Jesuits'　Library；　in　the
  University。　This　once　boasted　repository　of　erudition　is　now　a　mere
  shadow　of　its　former　self；　having　been　stripped　of　its　manuscripts　and
  rarest　works　by　the　French；　when　masters　of　Granada；　still　it　contains
  among　many　ponderous　tomes　of　the　Jesuit　fathers；　which　the　French
  were　careful　to　leave　behind；　several　curious　tracts　of　Spanish
  literature；　and　above　all；　a　number　of　those　antiquated
  parchment…bound　chronicles　for　which　I　have　a　particular　veneration。
  In　this　old　library；　I　have　passed　many　delightful　hours　of　quiet；
  undisturbed；　literary　foraging；　for　the　keys　of　the　doors　and
  bookcases　were　kindly　intrusted　to　me；　and　I　was　left　alone；　to
  rummage　at　my　pleasure…　a　rare　indulgence　in　these　sanctuaries　of
  learning；　which　too　often　tantalize　the　thirsty　student　with　the　sight
  of　sealed　fountains　of　knowledge。
  In　the　course　of　these　visits　I　gleaned　a　variety　of　facts
  concerning　historical　characters　connected　with　the　Alhambra；　some
  of　which　I　here　subjoin；　trusting　they　may　prove　acceptable　to　the
  reader。
  ALHAMAR
  Alhamar。
  The　Founder　of　the　Alhambra。
  THE　Moors　of　Granada　regarded　the　Alhambra　as　a　miracle　of　art；
  and　had　a　tradition　that　the　king　who　founded　it　dealt　in　magic；　or　at
  least　in　alchemy；　by　means　whereof　he　procured　the　immense　sums　of
  gold　expended　in　its　erection。　A　brief　view　of　his　reign　will　show　the
  secret　of　his　wealth。　He　is　known　in　Arabian　history　as　Muhamed
  Ibn…l…Ahmar；　but　his　name　in　general　is　written　simply　Alhamar；　and
  was　given　to　him；　we　are　told；　on　account　of　his　ruddy　complexion。*
  *　Et　porque　era　muy　rubio　llamaban　lo　los　Moros　Abenalhamar；　que
  quiere　decir　bermejo。。。　et　porque　los　Moros　lo　llamaban　Benalhamar　que
  quiere　decir　bermejo　tomo　los　senales　bermejos；　segun　que　los
  ovieron　desputes　los　Reyes　de　Granada。…　BLEDA；　Cronica　de　Alfonso　XI。
  ＇And　because　his　complexion　was　very　ruddy　the　Moors　called　him
  Abenalhamar；　which　means　〃vermilion〃。。。　and　because　the　Moors　called
  him　Benalhamar；　which　means　vermilion；　he　took　bright　red　for　his
  insignia；　just　as　the　Kings　of　Granada　have　done　ever　since。＇
  He　was　of　the　noble　and　opulent　line　of　the　Beni　Nasar；　or　tribe
  of　Nasar；　and　was　born　in　Arjona；　in　the　year　of　the　Hegira　592　（A。　D。
  1195）。　At　his　birth　the　astrologers；　we　are　told；　cast　his　horoscope
  according　to　Oriental　custom；　and　pronounced　it　highly　auspicious；　and
  a　santon　predicted　for　him　a　glorious　career。　No　expense　was　spared　in
  fitting　him　for　the　high　destinies　prognosticated。　Before　he
  attained　the　full　years　of　manhood；　the　famous　battle　of　the　Navas　（or
  plains）　of　Tolosa　shattered　the　Moorish　empire；　and　eventually　severed
  the　Moslems　of　Spain　from　the　Moslems　of　Africa。　Factions　soon　arose
  among　the　former；　headed　by　warlike　chiefs；　ambitious　of　grasping
  the　sovereignty　of　the　Peninsula。　Alhamar　became　engaged　in　these
  wars；　he　was　the　general　and　leader　of　the　Beni　Nasar；　and；　as　such；
  he　opposed　and　thwarted　the　ambition　of　Aben　Hud；　who　had　raised　his
  standard　among　the　warlike　mountains　of　the　Alpuxarras；　and　been
  proclaimed　king　of　Murcia　and　Granada。　Many　conflicts　took　place
  between　these　warring　chieftains；　Alhamar　dispossessed　his　rival　of
  several　important　places；　and　was　proclaimed　king　of　Jaen　by　his
  soldiery；　but　he　aspired　to　the　sovereignty　of　the　whole　of　Andalusia；
  for　he　was　of　a　sanguine　spirit　and　lofty　ambition。　His　valor　and
  generosity　went　hand　in　hand；　what　he　gained　by　the　one　he　secured
  by　the　other；　and　at　the　death　of　Aben　Hud　（A。　D。　1238）；　he　became
  sovereign　of　all　the　territories　which　owned　allegiance　to　that
  powerful　chief　He　made　his　formal　entry　into　Granada　in　the　same　year；
  amid　the　enthusiastic　shouts　of　the　multitude；　who　hailed　him　as　the
  only　one　capable　of　uniting　the　various　factions　which　prevailed；
  and　which　threatened　to　lay　the　empire　at　the　mercy　of　the　Christian
  princes。
  Alhamar　established　his　court　in　Granada；　he　was　the　first　of　the
  illustrious　line　of　Nasar　that　sat　upon　a　throne。　He　took　immediate
  measures　to　put　his　little　kingdom　in　a　posture　of　defence　against　the
  assaults　to　be　expected　from　his　Christian　neighbors；　repairing　and
  strengthening　the　frontier　posts　and　fortifying　the　capital。　Not
  content　with　the　provisions　of　the　Moslem　law；　by　which　every　man　is
  made　a　soldier；　he　raised　a　regular　army　to　garrison　his　strong…holds；
  allowing　every　soldier　stationed　on　the　frontier　a　portion　of　land　for
  the　support　of　himself；　his　horse；　and　his　family；　thus　interesting
  him　in　the　defence　of　the　soil　in　which　he　had　a　property。　These
  wise　precautions　were　justified　by　events。　The　Christians；　profiting
  by　the　dismemberment　of　the　Moslem　power；　were　rapidly　regaining　their
  ancient　territories。　James　the　Conqueror　had　subjected　all　Valencia；
  and　Ferdinand　the　Saint　sat　down　in　person　before　Jaen；　the　bulwark　of
  Granada。　Alhamar　ventured　to　oppose　him　in　open　field；　but　met　with
  a　signal　defeat；　and　retired　discomfited　to　his　capital。　Jaen　still
  held　out；　and　kept　the　enemy　at　bay　during　an　entire　winter；　but
  Ferdinand　swore　not　to　raise　his　camp　until　he　had　gained　possession
  of　the　place。　Alhamar　found　it　impossible　to　throw　reinforcements　into
  the　besieged　city；　he　saw　that　its　fall　must　be　followed　by　the
  investment　of　his　capital；　and　was　conscious　of　the　insufficiency　of
  his　means　to　cope　with　the　potent　sovereign　of　Castile。　Taking　a
  sudden　resolution；　therefore；　he　repaired　privately　to　the　Christian
  camp；　made　his　unexpected　appearance　in　the　presence　of　King
  Ferdinand；　and　frankly　announced　himself　as　the　king　of　Granada。　〃I
  come；〃　said　he；　〃confiding　in　your　good　faith；　to　put　myself　under
  your　protection。　Take　all　I　possess　and　receive　me　as　your　vassal〃；　so
  saying；　he　knelt　and　kissed　the　king's　hand　in　token　of　allegiance。
  Ferdinand　was　won　by　this　instance　of　confiding　faith；　and
  determined　not　to　be　outdone　in　generosity。　He　raised　his　late　enemy
  from　the　earth；　embraced　him　as　a　friend；　and；　refusing　the　wealth
  he　offered；　left　him　sovereign　of　his　dominions；　under　the　feudal
  tenure　of　a　yearly　tribute；　attendance　at　the　Cortes　as　one　of　the
  nobles　of　the　empire；　and　service　in　war　with　a　certain　number　of
  horsemen。　He　moreover　conferred　on　him　the　honor　of　knighthood；　and
  armed　him　with　his　own　hands。
  It　was　not　long　after　this　that　Alhamar　was　called　upon；　for　his
  military　services；　to　aid　King　Ferdinand　in　his　famous　siege　of
  Seville。　The　Moorish　king　sallied　forth　with　five　hundred　chosen
  horsemen　of　Granada；　than　whom　none　in　the　world　knew　better　how　to
  manage　the　steed　or　wield　the　lance。　It　was　a　humiliating　service；
  however；　for　they　had　to　draw　the　sword　against　their　brethren　of
  the　faith。
  Alhamar　gained　a　melancholy　distinction　by　his　prowess　in　this
  renowned　conquest；　but　more　true　honor　by　the　humanity　which　he
  prevailed　upon　Ferdinand　to　introduce　into　the　usages　of　war。　When
  in　1248　the　famous　city　of　Seville　surrendered　to　the　Castilian
  monarch；　Alhamar　returned　sad　and　full　of　care　to　his　dominions。　He
  saw　the　gathering　ills　that　menaced　the　Moslem　cause；　and　uttered　an
  ejaculation　often　used　by　him　in　moments　of　anxiety　and　trouble…
  〃How　straitened　and　wretched　would　be　our　life；　if　our　hope　were　not
  so　spacious　and　extensive。〃　〃Que　angosta　y　miserable　seria　nuestra
  vida；　sino　fuera　tan　dilatada　y　espaciosa　nuestra　esperanza！〃
  As　he　approached　Granada　on　his　return　he　beheld　arches　of　triumph
  which　had　been　erected　in　honor　of　his　martial　exploits。　The　people
  thronged　forth　to　see　him　with　impatient　joy；　for　his　benignant　rule
  had　won　all　hearts。　Wherever　he　passed　he　was　hailed　with　acclamations
  as　〃El　Ghalib！〃　（the　conqueror）。　Alhamar　gave　a　melancholy　shake　of
  the　head　on　hearing　the　appellation。　〃Wa　le　ghalib　il　Allah！〃
  （〃There　is　no　conqueror　but　God！〃）；　exclaimed　he。　From　that　time
  forward　this　exclamation　became　his　motto；　and　the　motto