第 26 节
作者:恐龙王      更新:2021-02-21 14:14      字数:9322
  he presented this hard alternative reluctantly。           Joseph was a mere youth
  without experience in war or public affairs。           He had been well brought up
  in obedience to parental wisdom and with his brother Ollicut had attended
  Missionary   Spaulding's   school   where   they   had   listened   to   the   story   of
  Christ and his religion of brotherhood。          He now replied in his simple way
  that neither he nor his father had ever made any treaty disposing of their
  country; that no other band of the Nez Perces was authorized to speak for
  them; and it would seem a mighty injustice and unkindness to dispossess a
  friendly band。
  General Howard told them in effect that they had no rights; no voice in
  the   matter:   they   had   only   to   obey。 Although   some   of   the   lesser   chiefs
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  counseled      revolt    then   and   there;   Joseph     maintained     his   self…control;
  seeking to calm his people; and still groping for a peaceful settlement of
  their difficulties。     He finally asked for thirty days' time in which to find
  and dispose of their stock; and this was granted。
  Joseph steadfastly held his immediate followers to their promise; but
  the   land…grabbers   were   impatient;   and   did   everything   in   their   power   to
  bring about an immediate crisis so as to hasten the eviction of the Indians。
  Depredations were committed; and finally the Indians; or some of   them;
  retaliated;    which    was    just  what    their   enemies    had    been   looking     for。
  There might be a score of white men murdered among themselves on the
  frontier and no outsider would ever hear about it; but if one were injured
  by an Indian  〃Down with the bloodthirsty savages!〃 was the cry。
  Joseph     told   me    himself    that   during    all   of  those    thirty   days    a
  tremendous pressure was brought upon him by his own people to resist the
  government order。         〃The worst of it was;〃 said he; 〃that everything they
  said was true; besides〃  he paused for a moment  〃it seemed very soon
  for   me   to   forget   my   father's   dying   words;   'Do   not   give   up   our   home!'〃
  Knowing   as   I do   just   what   this   would   mean   to   an   Indian;  I  felt   for   him
  deeply。
  Among the opposition leaders were Too…hul…hul…sote; White Bird; and
  Looking Glass; all of them strong men and respected by the Indians; while
  on the other side were men built up by emissaries of the government for
  their own purposes and advertised as 〃great friendly chiefs。〃                    As a rule
  such   men   are  unworthy;  and   this is so   well   known to the  Indians that   it
  makes      them     distrustful   of   the   government's       sincerity    at   the   start。
  Moreover;   while   Indians   unqualifiedly   say   what   they   mean;   the   whites
  have a hundred ways of saying what they do not mean。                    The center of the
  storm was this simple young man; who so far as I can learn had never been
  upon the warpath; and he stood firm for peace and obedience。                    As for his
  father's   sacred dying   charge;  he   told himself that he   would   not   sign  any
  papers; he would not go of his free will but from compulsion; and this was
  his excuse。
  However; the whites were unduly impatient to clear the coveted valley;
  and   by   their   insolence   they   aggravated   to   the   danger   point   an   already
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  strained   situation。      The   murder   of   an   Indian   was   the   climax   and   this
  happened   in   the   absence   of   the   young   chief。     He   returned   to   find   the
  leaders determined to die fighting。           The nature of the country was in their
  favor   and   at   least   they   could   give   the   army   a   chase;   but   how   long   they
  could hold out they did not know。            Even Joseph's younger brother Ollicut
  was won over。         There was nothing for him to do but fight; and then and
  there    began    the  peaceful    Joseph's    career   as   a  general   of   unsurpassed
  strategy in conducting one of the most masterly retreats in history。
  This   is   not   my   judgment;   but   the   unbiased   opinion   of   men   whose
  knowledge and experience fit them to render it。                Bear in mind that these
  people   were   not   scalp   hunters   like   the   Sioux;   Cheyennes;   and   Utes;   but
  peaceful hunters and fishermen。             The first council of war was a strange
  business to Joseph。        He had only this to say to his people:
  〃I   have   tried   to  save   you   from   suffering    and   sorrow。     Resistance
  means   all of   that。    We   are   few。    They  are   many。      You   can   see   all   we
  have at a glance。        They have food and ammunition in abundance。                     We
  must suffer great hardship and loss。〃            After this speech; he quietly began
  his plans for the defense。
  The main plan of campaign was to engineer a successful retreat into
  Montana and there form a junction with the hostile Sioux and Cheyennes
  under Sitting Bull。        There was a relay scouting system; one set of scouts
  leaving the main body at evening and the second a little before daybreak;
  passing   the   first   set   on   some   commanding   hill   top。      There   were   also
  decoy scouts set to trap Indian scouts of the army。                I notice that General
  Howard charges his Crow scouts with being unfaithful。
  Their greatest difficulty was in meeting an unencumbered army; while
  carrying   their    women;      children;   and   old   men;   with   supplies    and   such
  household       effects   as  were    absolutely     necessary。      Joseph     formed     an
  auxiliary   corps   that   was   to   effect   a   retreat   at   each   engagement;   upon   a
  definite plan and in definite order; while the unencumbered women were
  made into an ambulance corps to take care of the wounded。
  It was decided that the main rear guard should meet General Howard's
  command in White Bird Canyon; and every detail was planned in advance;
  yet left flexible according to Indian custom; giving each leader freedom to
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  act   according     to  circumstances。       Perhaps     no   better   ambush     was    ever
  planned   than   the   one   Chief   Joseph   set   for   the   shrewd   and   experienced
  General Howard。          He expected to be hotly pursued; but he calculated that
  the pursuing force would consist of not more than two hundred and fifty
  soldiers。     He  prepared   false  trails   to   mislead  them  into   thinking   that   he
  was   about   to   cross   or   had   crossed   the   Salmon   River;   which   he   had   no
  thought   of   doing   at   that   time。 Some   of   the   tents   were   pitched   in   plain
  sight;   while   the   women   and      children   were   hidden   on   the   inaccessible
  ridges; and the men concealed in the canyon ready to fire upon the soldiers
  with deadly effect with scarcely any danger to themselves。                    They could
  even roll rocks upon them。
  In a very few minutes the troops had learned a lesson。                  The soldiers
  showed   some   fight;   but   a   large   body   of   frontiersmen   who   accompanied
  them were soon in disorder。           The warriors chased them nearly ten miles;
  securing rifles and much ammunition; and killing and wounding many。
  The Nez Perces next crossed the river; made a detour and recrossed it
  at another point; then took their way eastward。                All this was by way of
  delaying pursuit。       Joseph told me that he estimated it would take six or
  seven days to get a sufficient force in the field to take up their trail; and the
  correctness      of  his  reasoning     is  apparent    from   the  facts   as  detailed   in
  General   Howard's   book。         He   tells   us  that   he   waited   six   days   for  the
  arrival of men from various forts in his department; then followed Joseph
  with six hundred soldiers; beside a large number of citizen volunteers and
  his Indian scouts。       As it was evident they had a long chase over trackless
  wilderness   in   prospect;   he   discarded   his   supply   wagons   and   took   pack
  mules instead。       But by this time the Indians had a good start。
  Meanwhile General Howard had sent a dispatch to Colonel Gibbons;
  with orders to head Joseph off; which he undertook to do at the Montana
  end   of the   Lolo Tra