第 23 节
作者:无边的寒冷      更新:2021-02-21 11:55      字数:9322
  e State than it formerly was; shall be the following Estimate of the necessary Charge of a Family; in the middling Station of Life; consisting of a Man and his Wife; four Children and a Maid…Servant; so as I think a Person that hath such a Family; and employs L。 1000 of his own Money in Trade; ought to live。 For if such Families must not have Necessaries enough; and I believe it will appear I have allow'd no Superfluities; I think we ought to give up Trade; and find some other way to live。 For Trade terminates ultimately in the Consumption of Things; to which End alone Trade is carried on: Therefore if those that employ L。 1000 of their own Money; shall not be able to supply such a middling Family with needful and common Things; What then becomes of the Consumption of Things? or; in other Words; What becomes of Trade? For; to be sure; not one Person in a good many is the real Owner of such a Sum。     If therefore such Families must retrench and abridge themselves of common needful Things; those in Trade below them; in this respect; must much more do so; if they have Families。
  An Estimate of the necessary Charge of a Family in the middling Station of Life; consisting of a Man; his Wife; four Children and one Maid Servant; which I take to be a middling Family。
  per Head per Day; Daily Expence; Weekly Expence; Yearly Expence。
  Bread for seven persons: 3/4 d。; 5 1/4 d; 3 s。 0 3/4 d。; Butter: 3/4 d。; 5 1/4 d; 3 s。 0 3/4 d。; Cheese: 1/4 d。; 1 3/4 d。; 1 s。 0 1/4 d。; Fish and Flesh Meat: 2 1/2 d。; 1 s。 5 1/2 d。; 10 s。 2 1/2d。; Roots and Herbs; Salt; Vinegar; Mustard; Pickles; Spices and Grocery; except Tea and Sugar: 1/2d。; 3 1/2d。; 2s 0 1/2d。; Tea and Sugar: 1d。; 7d。;4s。 1d。; Soap for the Family Occasions; and Washing all manner of Things both abroad and at home: 1 1/2d。; 10 1/2d。; 6s。 1 1/2d。;  Threads; Needles; Pins; Tapes; Worsteds; Bindings; and all sorts of Haberdashery: 1/2 d。; 3 1/2d。; 2s。 0 1/2d。 Milk one Day with another:  ; 3/4 d。; 5 1/4d。;  Candles about 2 1。2 lb。 per Week the Year round:  ;  ; 1s。 3d。;  Sand; Fullers Earth; Whiting; Small Coal; Brick…dust:  ;  ; 2d。;  10 Shilling Small Beer; a Firkin and a Quarter per Week:  ;  ; 3s。 1 1。2d。;  Ale for the family and friends:  ;  ; 2s。 6 d。;  Coals; between 4 and 5 Chaldron per Annum may be Estimated at:  ;  ; 2s。 6d。;  Repairs of Houshold Goods; as Table Linnen; Bedding; Sheets; and every Utensil for Houshold Occasions:  ;  ; 1s。 6d。;
  6 s。 2 d。 per Head Weekly for seven Persons amounts to near:  ;  ; L。2 3s。 1 1/2d。; L。 112 10s。
  Yearly Expence Brought over 112 l。 10 s。 Cloaths of all Kinds for the Master of the Family: 16 l。 Shaving 7s。 6d。 per Quarter; and cleaning Shoes 2s。 6d。 per Quarter: 2 l。 Cloaths for the Wife; who can't wear much; nor very fine Laces with: 16 l。 Extraordinary Expence attending every Lying in L。 10; supposed to be about once in two years: 5 l。 Cloaths for four Children; at L。 7 per Ann。 each Child: 28 L。 Schooling for four Children; including every Charge thereunto relating; supposed to be equal at least to ten Shillings per Quarter for each Child: 8 l。 The Maid's Wages may be: 4 l。 10 s。 Pocket Expences for the Master of the Family; supposed to be about four Shillings per Week: 10 l。 8s。 For the Mistress of the Family; and for the four Children to buy Fruit and Toys; etc。 at two Shillings per Week: 5 l。 4 s。 Entertainments in return of such Favours from Friends and Relations: 4 l。 Physick for the whole Family one Year with another; and the extraordinary Expence arising by illness; may be much more than: 6 l。 A Country Lodging sometimes for the Health and Recreation of the Family; or instead thereof; the extraordinary Charge of nursing a Child abroad; which in such a Family is often thought needful: 8 l。     'Sub…total' 225 l。 12 s。 Rent and Taxes may be somewhat more or less than: 50 l。 Expences of Trade with Customers; and travelling Charges; Christmas…Box…Money; and Postage of Letters; etc。 for the sake of even Money; at least: 19 l。 8 s。 Bad Debts which may easily be more than 2 per cent on the supposed Capital of L。 1000: 20 l。     'Sub…Total' L。 315。 There must be laid up; one Year with another; for twenty Years; in order to leave each Child; and a Widow if there should be one; L。 500: 75 l。 L。 1000 therefore by this Estimate should gain one Year with another: 390 l。
  Which for the sake of a round Sum I will call 40 per cent per Annum; in order to support such a Family; and provided L。 500 a Piece for four Children; and a Widow; if there should be one left; which if not; will augment each Child's Share but L。 125。 And here I suppose a Man to live twenty Years from his Marriage to his Demise; which take to be about the term one Man or Woman with another doth live。 I don't mean by this that no Man or Woman lives longer from the Time of Marriage than twenty Years; I know many live much longer; but I am equally certain that as many never reach this Term as others live beyond it。 And it will also many Times happen; that 5; 6; 7; 8 or more Children must be brought up by some Parents; tho' perhaps it will more frequently happen that less than four will be raised by others。     But those that shall happen to have seven or eight Children; will find the 75 l。 per Ann。 supposed in this Estimate to be laid up; in order to provide 500 l。 a Piece for four Children; hardly sufficient to bear the extraordinary Charge; which so many more Children will occasion in this Rank of Living。 And surely it must be very hard; that the Man who happens to have a numerous Family (and many such there always are) should thereby be render'd not only uncapable to provide any Thing for them to set out in the World with; but be reduced in a Course of Years; as he certainly must; if L。 1000 in Trade will not produce at least 40 per cent per Annum。
  But I have not produced this Estimate; only to shew what is the needful charge for the decent Support of such a Family in this Rank of Life; but chiefly to shew that our Trade is in a much worse State than it was about forty or fifty Years ago: For then it was a very common Thing for People; from small Beginnings to raise L。 5000 or more for each Child; tho' the Families were as large as my Estimates supposes: Which is a Truth so well known; that I shall not attempt any Proofs of it; but take it for granted; not doubting that the Observation of the aged and judicious Tradesman will allow it me: and further concur; that the State of Trade in general will now by no means admit of making 40 per cent per ann。 on a Capital of L。 1000 or perhaps hardly more than half as much。 Yet I will not say there are no Instances of such Profits; for perhaps such there will be; as long as there is Trade amongst us: But I am certain they are few; and hard to be found or guess'd at; there being too many People in almost every Occupation to admit of such Gains。 And I am as certain; that the Instances of raising pretty Fortunes for Children; about forty or fifty Years ago; from very small Beginnings; were vastly more numerous than any are to be found; at this Time; that can make any thing near 40 per cent per annum on a capital of L。 1000。 And therefore; I think; I may justly conclude; that Trade is now in much worse Circumstances than it formerly was。 But were our Trade to be put on the Foot I am pointing out; less than 30 per cent per annum on such a Capital; wou'd be as sufficient for the Support and Provision of such a Family; as 40 per cent per annum is; as the Prices of Things now go: And then the Demand for; and Consumption of every Thing would be so much augmented; that it would be as easy to make 30 per cent per ann。 on such a Capital; as it is now to make 20; for then our Trade would be in that flourishing State I am aiming at。     But from what I have now said; and also from this Estimate; it must appear; that the Wealthy have the Business and Affairs of the trading Part of the People transacted; on Terms as much below the reasonable and just Value thereof; as the Profits such a Sum will generally make; are less than the Estimate shews to be needful for a middling Family in this Rank of Life。 Therefore such diffusing Property amongst the People in general; as hath been before in this Essay represented; is absolutely needful; not only for the Sake of the labouring People; but for the trading Part too; who together undoubtedly are more than 19 Parts in 20 of the People of the Kingdom;(32*) the Generality of whom; by the several Estimates; appear to be in equal Difficulties; in Proportion to their Stations in Life。 And if so; is there any room to wonder at the Misery we see amongst the Poor; or the Ruin which so frequently befals the middling People; since by both the Estimates it appears; the Nature of Things; in our present Circumstances; is so big with these Evils; that we may much rather wonder the Misery and Ruin are not universal?     Again it must appear by this Estimate; that if 1000 l。 employ'd in Trade; ought to make so large a Gain as about 40 per cent per ann。 all necessary Means should be used; to make as large a Consumption of all Kinds of Goods; as the Nature of Things is well capable of; which; as hath been before sufficiently shewn; can hardly ever be equal to the Wants of the People; according to their se