statements　are　confirmed　by　the　testimony　of　Major　Emory　and　his
  report；　where　he　enumerates　several　of　the　most　extensiveby
  Gray；　Bartlett；　Parke；　and　Col。　Bonneville。　Many　of　the　Ranches；
  deserted　by　the　Mexicans　on　account　of　the　Apache　Indians；　have
  upon　them　large；　well…built　adobe　houses　which　must　have　cost　the
  builders　thousands　of　dollars。　Many　of　these　have　been　occupied
  under　squatter　titles　by　emigrants　within　the　last　few　years。　Of
  others；　only　the　ruins　remain；　having　been　destroyed　by　the
  depredations　of　the　Indians；　or　by　the　heavy　rains　of　the
  succeeding　years。
  The　greater　portion　of　these　lands　on　the　Santa　Cruz　and　San
  Pedro　are　covered　by　Mexican　titles…゛nd　many　of　these　again　by
  squatter　claims。　It　is　absolutely　necessary　that　Congress　should
  by　some　wise　and　speedy　legislation　settle；　upon　some　definite
  basis；　the　land　titles　of　Arizona。　Until　this　is　done；　disorder
  and　anarchy　will　reign　supreme　over　the　country。　The　present
  condition　of　California　is　in　a　great　degree　to　be　attributed　to
  the　want　of　any　title　to　the　most　valuable　real　property　in　the
  State；　and　the　millions　which　have　been　spent　in　fruitless
  litigation　should　teach　a　lesson　of　great　practical　value。　Let
  those　Spanish　grants　and　Mexican　titles　which　have　been　occupied
  in　good　faith　be　affirmed　in　the　most　expeditious　and　economical
  manner　to　the　claimants；　and　they　will　immediately　pass　into
  American　hands；　and　become　productive。　The　remainder　of　the
  country　should　then　be　thrown　open　to　settlers。　No　better　code　of
  mining　law　exists　than　the　Spanish；　adopted　in　the　Senate　bill
  introduced　by　the　late　General　Rusk；　and　passed　at　the　last
  session　of　Congress。　A　judicious　and　liberal　donation　law；　giving
  to　the　actual　settler　a　homestead；　and　to　the　enterprising　miner
  and　〃prospector〃　a　fair　security　for　the　fruit　of　his　labors；
  will　at　once　make　of　Arizona　a　popular；　thriving　and　wealthy
  State；　affording　new　markets　for　the　productions　of　our　Atlantic
  States；　and　yielding　annually　millions　in　silver　and　copper。
  In　addition　to　the　produce　of　Arizona；　the　immediate　vicinity　of
  the　agricultural　region　of　Sonora　affords　an　abundant　market　for
  all　necessary　supplies；　including　sugar；　which　is　manufactured　by
  the　Mexicans　in　great　quantities　from　the　cane。　Guyamas；　which
  one　day　will　be　ours；　is　one　of　the　largest　ports　for　the　export
  of　flour　on　the　Pacific　coast　north　of　Chili。　She　also　exports
  several　millions　in　silver　annually；　which　finds　its　way　direct
  to　the　English　market。　Under　an　intelligent　system；　the　Sonora
  mines　would　yield　a　hundred　millions　a　year；　and　the　supply　is
  inexhaustible。　If　any　reader　doubts　this　statement；　refer　him　to
  the　statistics　of　Humboldt；　Ward；　and　Wilson；　most　unquestioned
  and　valuable　authorities。　Both　Humboldt　and　Ward　note　the　fact
  that　the　silver　deposites　grow　richer　as　they　are　traced　farther
  North。　There　can　be　no　doubt　that　the　most　extensive　and　valuable
  mines；　both　of　pure　silver　and　silver　mixed　with　copper　and　lead；
  are　within　the　limits　of　Arizona。
  The　yield　of　the　silver　mines　of　Mexico；　as　computed　by　Ward　and
  Humboldt　from　the　actual　official　returns　to　the　Government；　from
  the　conquest　to　1803；　amounts　to　the　enormous　sum　of
  2；027；955；000；　or　more　than　two　BILLIONS　Of　dollars。　Again；　Ward
  says：　〃I　am　aware　that　many　of　the　statements　in　this　and　the
  preceding　books　respecting　the　mineral　riches　of　the　North　of　New
  Spain；　（Sonora；　including　the　'Gadsden　Purchase；'　Chihuahua；　and
  Durango；）　will　be　thought　exaggerated。　THEY　ARE　NOT　SO；　they　will
  be　confirmed　by　every　future　report；　and　in　after　years；　the
  public；　FAMILIARIZED　WITH　facts　which　are　only　questioned　because
  they　are　new；　will　wonder　at　its　present　incredulity；　and　regret
  the　loss　of　advantages　which　may　not　always　be　within　its
  reach。〃
  Of　the　present　mining　operations　in　the　Territory　of　Arizona；　the
  most　considerable；　in　point　of　labor　performed　and　results；　is
  〃The　Arizona　Copper　Mining　Co。〃　This　company　is　incorporated　by
  the　California　Legislature；　with　a　capital　of　one　million　of
  dollars。　The　President　is　Major　Robert　Allen；　U。　S。　A。　The　mines
  are　old；　and　very　celebrated　in　Mexico　under　the　name　of　El…Ajo。
  This　company；　at　an　expense　of　100；000；　have　supplied　their
  mines　with　an　abundance　of　water；　extracted　several　hundred　tons
  of　ore；　and　erected　buildings；　smelting　furnaces；　and　other
  appliances　to　facilitate　their　operations。　They　employ　about　one
  hundred　men；　mostly　Mexican　miners。　Their　supplies　of　breadstuffs
  and　beef　are　obtained　by　contract　from　Sonora。　These　mines　are
  situated　one　hundred　and　thirty　miles　from　the　mouth　of　the　Gila
  River；　and　about　sixty　miles　south　of　it。　The　ore　varies　in
  richness　from　thirty　to　sixty　per　cent；　and　the　proceeds　of　some
  sales　in　London　were　quoted　as　being　the　highest　prices　ever　paid
  for　ore　in　that　market。　A　portion　of　this　mine　is　owned　by
  English　capitalists；　and　it　is　without　doubt　one　of　the　most
  valuable　in　the　world。　The　profits　may　be　easily　calculated；　when
  it　is　known　that　the　ore　costs　delivered　in　Swansea；　England；　not
  exceeding　125　per　ton；　and　is　worth　from　200　to　375　per　ton。
  Of　course　these　profits　will　be　greatly　increased　when　the
  company　is　in　a　position　to　smelt　its　ores　at　the　mine。　The
  Sonora　Exploring　and　Mining　Company　was　organized　in　1856；　with　a
  capital　of　two　million　dollars　（2；000；000）。　Its　principal　office
  is　in　Cincinnati；　Ohio；　and　its　seat　of　operations　at　Tubac；　in
  the　Santa　Cruz　valley。　This　company　is　managed　in　its　mining
  operations　by　Chas。　D。　Poston；　Esq。；　a　gentleman　of　much
  experience　on　the　Pacific　coast；　and　of　great　energy　of
  character。
  The　Rancho　of　Arivaca；　containing　several　valuable　silver　mines；
  and　seventeen　thousand　acres　of　valuable　land；　has　been　purchased
  by　this　company。　It　has　also　acquired　the　titles　to　a　number　of
  other　valuable　mines　of　galena　ore；　and　copper　containing　silver
  and　gold。　Hitherto；　the　exertions　of　the　company　have　been
  directed　principally　to　explorations　and　cleaning　out　the　old
  mines；　but　they　have　at　present　above　ground；　ready　for　smelting；
  several　thousand　dollars　worth　of　their　ores。　Prof。　Booth；　U。　S。
  Assayer；　as　well　as　other　distinguished　authorities；　have；　after
  thorough　experiment；　given　to　the　company　certificates　of　the
  great　richness　of　the　ores　already　shipped　to　the　east。　The
  annual　report　of　the　Sonora　Mining　Co。　is　full　of　interest　to　the
  general　reader。　The　Sopori　mine　is　another　very　valuable
  property。　It　is　owned　by　Messrs。　Douglass；　Aldrich；　and　another。
  Want　of　capital　has　prevented　the　extensive　development　of　this
  mine。　It　affords　its　proprietors　a　handsome　profit；　worked　in　the
  smallest　and　cheapest　manner。　The　vein　is　of　great　size；　has　been
  traced　several　rods　in　length；　and　pays　about　one　dollar　to　the
  pound　of　ore。　The　writer　has　examined　specimens　from　the
  〃Sopori；〃　taken　at　random；　and　so　rich　is　the　ore　that　the　native
  silver　can　be　cut　out　of　it　with　a　penknife；　as　out　of　a　Mexican
  dollar。　Undoubtedly　the　Sopori　mine　is　destined　to　yield　hundreds
  of　millions。　It　is　a　peculiarity　of　the　ores　in　this　district
  that　they　run　near　the　surface；　making　mining　of　comparative
  small　cost。　The　Sopori　mine　is　surrounded　by　a　fine　country；　well
  watered　and　wooded。　The　〃Gadsonia　Copper　Mining　Co。；〃　after
  taking　out　a　few　tons　of　exceedingly　rich　oreaveraging　over
  eighty　per　cent。was　obliged　to　suspend　operations　on　account　of
  the　cost　of　transportation。　When　the　Territory　shall　be　organized
  and　capital　protected　by　law；　these　mines　will　be　worked　to
  advantage。　〃The　Gila　River　Copper　Mines〃　are　more　favorably
  situated　than　any　other　yet　opened；　being　directly　on　the　Gila
  River；　only　twenty…five　miles　from　its　mouth。　The　ores　can　be
  taken　from　the　mine；　immediately　shipped　upon　flat　boats　or　a
  light　draft　steamer；　and　transported　down　the　Colorado　River　to
  the　head　of　the　Gulf　of　California；　when　they　can　be　transhipped
  to　England　at　small　cost。　Upwards　of　twenty　veins　of　copper　ore
  have　been　opened；　and　the　assays　give　results　varying　from　30　to
  70　per　cent。　These　mines　are　owned　by　Messrs。　Hooper；　Hinton；
  Halstead；　and　another。　Several　thousand　dollars　have　been　already
  expended　in　prospecting　and　opening　veins；　and　it　was　anticipated
  by　the　proprietors　that　the　first　cargo　would　be　shipped　to
  Swansea；　England；　this　year。
  Smelting　works　will　eventually　be　built　at　the　mines；　or　at
  Colorado　City；　opposite　Fort　Yuma；　and　the　profits　of　this
  company　must　be　very　great。　The　vicinity　of　the　Colorado；　and　the
  abundance　of　wood　and　water；　give　the　proprietors　facilities　for
  conducting　their　operations　at　small　cost。
  Silver　mining　is　also　carried　on　in　the　vicinity　of　Mesilla
  Valley；　and　near　the　Rio　Grande。　Many　other　mining　operations　are
  constantly　being　commenced；　but　the　depredations　of　the　Apache
  Indians　have　almost　entirely　snatched　success　from　the
  hard…working　miner；　who；　besides　losing　his　all；　is　often
  massacred　in　some　ferocious　manner。
  孨o　protection；　either　civil　or　military；　is　extended　over　the
  greater　portion　of　Arizona。　This　checks　the　development　of　all
  her　resourcesnot　only　to　her　own　injury；　but　that　of　California
  and　the