第 9 节
作者:九十八度      更新:2021-02-20 16:02      字数:9322
  got    what   you    are  aiming    ata  horse    that  delights    in  being   ridden;   a
  splendid and showy animal; the joy of all beholders。
  '1'   Al。   〃the  animals    are   so  scared   that;  the   chances    are;  they   are
  thrown into disorder。〃
  '2'   {gorgoumenos};   with   pride   and   spirit;   but   with   a   suggestion   of
  〃fierceness and rage;〃 as of Job's war…horse。
  '3'   〃Mollia   crura   reponit;〃   Virg。   〃Georg。〃   iii。   76;   Hom。   〃Hymn。   ad
  Merc。〃
  How   these   desirable   results   are;   in   our   opinion;   to   be   produced;   we
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  will now endeavour to explain。 In the first place; then; you ought to have
  at least two bits。 One of these should be smooth; with discs of a good size;
  the other should have heavy and flat discs'4' studded with sharp spikes; so
  that   when   the   horse   seizes   it   and   dislikes   the   roughness   he   will   drop   it;
  then    when     the   smooth     is  given    him   instead;    he   is  delighted    with    its
  smoothness;   and   whatever   he   has   learnt   before   upon   the   rough;   he   will
  perform      with    greater   relish   on   the   smooth。     He   may     certainly;   out   of
  contempt for its very smoothness; perpetually try to get a purchase on it;
  and that is why we attach large discs to the smooth bit; the effect of which
  is to make him open his mouth; and drop the mouthpiece。 It is possible to
  make   the   rough   bit   of   every  degree of   roughness   by  keeping   it   slack   or
  taut。
  '4' See Morgan; op。 cit。 p。 144 foll。
  But; whatever the type of bit may be; let it in any case be flexible。 If it
  be   stiff;   at   whatever   point   the   horse   seizes   it   he   must   take   it   up   bodily
  against his jaws; just as it does not matter at what point a man takes hold
  of a bar   of iron;'5'  he lifts   it as a   whole。 The other flexibly  constructed
  type acts like a chain (only the single point at which you hold it remains
  stiff; the rest hangs loose); and while perpetually hunting for the portion
  which escapes him; he lets the mouthpiece go from his bars。'6' For this
  reason   the   rings   are   hung   in   the   middle   from   the   two   axles;'7'   so   that
  while feeling for them with his tongue and teeth he may neglect to take the
  bit up against his jaws。
  '5' Or; 〃poker;〃 as we might say; lit。 〃spit。〃
  '6' Schneid。 cf。 Eur。 〃Hippol。〃 1223。
  '7' See Morgan; note ad loc。 Berenger (i。 261) notes: 〃We have a small
  chain in the upset or hollow part of our bits; called a  'Player;'                         with
  which the horse playing with his tongue; and rolling it                         about; keeps
  his   mouth   moist   and   fresh;   and;   as   Xenophon   hints;   it            may   serve
  likewise to fix his attention and prevent him from                      writhing his mouth
  about; or as the French call it; 'faire ses                forces。'〃
  To explain what is meant by flexible and stiff as applied to a bit; we
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  will describe the matter。 A flexible bit is one in which the axles have their
  points of junction broad and smooth;'8' so as to bend easily; and where
  the several parts fitting round the axles; being large of aperture and not too
  closely packed; have greater flexibility; whereas; if the several parts do not
  slide to and fro with ease; and play into each other; that is what we call a
  stiff   bit。  Whatever       the  kind    of  bit   may    be;   the  rider   must    carry    out
  precisely the same rules in using it; as follows; if he wishes to turn out a
  horse with the qualities described。 The horse's mouth is not to be pulled
  back too harshly so as to make him toss his head aside; nor yet so gently
  that   he   will   not   feel   the   pressure。   But   the   instant   he   raises   his   neck   in
  answer   to   the   pull;   give   him   the   bit   at   once;   and   so   throughout;   as   we
  never   cease   repeating;   at   every   response   to   your   wishes;   whenever   and
  wherever the animal performs his service well;'9' reward and humour him。
  Thus; when the rider perceives that the horse takes a pleasure in the high
  arching and supple play of his neck; let him seize the instant not to impose
  severe   exertion   on   him;   like   a   taskmaster;   but   rather   to   caress   and   coax
  him;   as    if  anxious   to    give   him   a   rest。  In  this   way   the   horse    will   be
  encouraged and fall into a rapid pace。
  '8'   i。e。   〃the   ends   of   the   axles   (at   the   point   of   junction)   which   work
  into    each    other    are   broad    and    smooth;     so   as   to  play    freely    at  the
  join。〃
  '9' 〃Behaves compliantly。〃
  That     a   horse    takes   pleasure     in   swift   movement;        may    be   shown
  conclusively。   As   soon   as   he   has   got   his   liberty;   he   sets   off   at   a   trot   or
  gallop; never at a walking pace; so natural and instinctive a pleasure does
  this action afford him; if he is not forced to perform it to excess; since it is
  true    of   horse    and    man     alike   that   nothing     is  pleasant     if  carried    to
  excess。'10'
  '10' L。 Dind。 cf。 Eur。 〃Med。〃 128; {ta de' uperballont oudena kairon}。
  But now suppose he has attained to the grand style when riddenwe
  have accustomed him of course in his first exercise to wheel and fall into a
  canter simultaneously; assuming then; he has got that lesson well by heart;
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  if the rider pulls him up with the bit while simultaneously giving him one
  of the signals to be off; the horse; galled on the one hand by the bit; and on
  the   other   collecting   himself   in   obedience   to   the   signal   〃off;〃   will   throw
  forward   his   chest   and   raise   his   legs   aloft   with   fiery   spirit;   though   not
  indeed with suppleness; for the supple play of the limbs ceases as soon as
  the    horse   feels   annoyance。      But    now;   supposing      when     his  fire  is  thus
  enkindled'11' you give him the rein; the effect is instantaneous。 Under the
  pleasurable   sense   of   freedom;   thanks   to   the   relaxation   of   the   bit;   with
  stately bearing and legs pliantly moving he dashes forward in his pride; in
  every  respect   imitating  the   airs   and   graces   of   a horse   approaching   other
  horses。 Listen to the epithets with which spectators will describe the type
  of horse: the noble animal! and what willingness to work; what paces;'12'
  what a spirit and what mettle; how proudly he bears himself'13'a joy at
  once; and yet a terror to behold。
  '11' Cf。 〃Hell。〃 V。 iv。 46; 〃kindled into new life。〃
  '12' {ipposten}; 〃a true soldier's horse。〃
  '13'   {sobaron};   〃what   a   push   and   swagger〃;   {kai   ama   edun   te   kai
  gorgon             idein};     〃a   la  fois   doux    et   terrible   a  voir;〃    see   Victor
  Cherbuliez; 〃Un Cheval de Phidias;〃 p。 148。
  Thus far on this topic; these notes may serve perhaps to meet a special
  need。
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  XI
  If; however; the wish is to secure a horse adapted to parade and state
  processions; a high stepper and a showy'1' animal; these are qualities not
  to be found combined in every horse; but to begin with; the animal must
  have high spirit and a stalwart body。 Not that; as some think; a horse with
  flexible legs will necessarily be able to rear his body。 What we want is a
  horse with supple loins; and not supple only but short and strong (I do not
  mean the  loins towards   the tail;  but by  the  belly  the  region between the
  ribs and thighs)。 That is the horse who will be able to plant his hind…legs
  well under the forearm。 If while he is so planting his hind…quarters; he is
  pulled up with the bit; he lowers his hind…legs on his hocks'2' and raises
  the forepart of his body; so that any one in front of him will see the whole
  length of his belly to the sheath。'3' At the moment the horse does this; the
  rider   should   give   him   the   rein;   so   that   he   may   display   the   noblest   feats
  which a horse can perform of his own free will; to the satisfaction of the
  spectators。
  '1'   {lampros}。   Cf。   Isae。   xi。   41   (〃On   the   estate   of   Hagnias〃);   Lys。
  xix。 63 (〃de Bon。 Aris