and　his　natural　parts；　and　how　he　was　trained　and　brought　up　to　attain
  so　high　a　pitch　of　excellence　in　the　government　of　men。　And　all　we
  could　learn　from　others　about　him　or　felt　we　might　infer　for　ourselves
  we　will　here　endeavour　to　set　forth。
  ＇C。2＇　The　father　of　Cyrus；　so　runs　the　story；　was　Cambyses；　a　king　of
  the　Persians；　and　one　of　the　Perseidae；　who　look　to　Perseus　as　the
  founder　of　their　race。　His　mother；　it　is　agreed；　was　Mandane；　the
  daughter　of　Astyages；　king　of　the　Medes。　Of　Cyrus　himself；　even　now　in
  the　songs　and　stories　of　the　East　the　record　lives　that　nature　made
  him　most　fair　to　look　upon；　and　set　in　his　heart　the　threefold　love　of
  man；　of　knowledge；　and　of　honour。　He　would　endure　all　labours；　he
  would　undergo　all　dangers；　for　the　sake　of　glory。　＇2＇　Blest　by　nature
  with　such　gifts　of　soul　and　body；　his　memory　lives　to　this　day　in　the
  mindful　heart　of　ages。　It　is　true　that　he　was　brought　up　according　to
  the　laws　and　customs　of　the　Persians；　and　of　these　laws　it　must　be
  noted　that　while　they　aim；　as　laws　elsewhere；　at　the　common　weal；
  their　guiding　principle　is　far　other　than　that　which　most　nations
  follow。　Most　states　permit　their　citizens　to　bring　up　their　own
  children　at　their　own　discretion；　and　allow　the　grown　men　to　regulate
  their　own　lives　at　their　own　will；　and　then　they　lay　down　certain
  prohibitions；　for　example；　not　to　pick　and　steal；　not　to　break　into
  another　man's　house；　not　to　strike　a　man　unjustly；　not　to　commit
  adultery；　not　to　disobey　the　magistrate；　and　so　forth；　and　on　the
  transgressor　they　impose　a　penalty。　＇3＇　But　the　Persian　laws　try；　as
  it　were；　to　steal　a　march　on　time；　to　make　their　citizens　from　the
  beginning　incapable　of　setting　their　hearts　on　any　wickedness　or
  shameful　conduct　whatsoever。　And　this　is　how　they　set　about　their
  object。
  In　their　cities　they　have　an　open　place　or　square　dedicated　to　Freedom
  （Free　Square　they　call　it）；　where　stand　the　palace　and　other　public
  buildings。　From　this　place　all　goods　for　sale　are　rigidly　excluded；
  and　all　hawkers　and　hucksters　with　their　yells　and　cries　and
  vulgarities。　They　must　go　elsewhere；　so　that　their　clamour　may　not
  mingle　with　and　mar　the　grace　and　orderliness　of　the　educated　classes。
  ＇4＇　This　square；　where　the　public　buildings　stand；　is　divided　into
  four　quarters　which　are　assigned　as　follows：　one　for　the　boys；　another
  for　the　youths；　a　third　for　the　grown　men；　and　the　last　for　those　who
  are　past　the　age　of　military　service。　The　law　requires　all　the
  citizens　to　present　themselves　at　certain　times　and　seasons　in　their
  appointed　places。　The　lads　and　the　grown　men　must　be　there　at
  daybreak；　the　elders　may；　as　a　rule；　choose　their　own　time；　except　on
  certain　fixed　days；　when　they　too　are　expected　to　present　themselves
  like　the　rest。　Moreover；　the　young　men　are　bound　to　sleep　at　night
  round　the　public　buildings；　with　their　arms　at　their　side；　only　the
  married　men　among　them　are　exempt；　and　need　not　be　on　duty　at　night
  unless　notice　has　been　given；　though　even　in　their　case　frequent
  absence　is　thought　unseemly。　＇5＇　Over　each　of　these　divisions　are
  placed　twelve　governors；　twelve　being　the　number　of　the　Persian
  tribes。　The　governors　of　the　boys　are　chosen　from　the　elders；　and
  those　are　appointed　who　are　thought　best　fitted　to　make　the　best　of
  their　lads：　the　governors　of　the　youths　are　selected　from　the　grown
  men；　and　on　the　same　principle；　and　for　the　grown　men　themselves　and
  their　own　governors；　the　choice　falls　on　those　who　will；　it　is　hoped；
  make　them　most　prompt　to　carry　out　their　appointed　duties；　and　fulfil
  the　commands　imposed　by　the　supreme　authority。　Finally；　the　elders
  themselves　have　presidents　of　their　own；　chosen　to　see　that　they　too
  perform　their　duty　to　the　full。
  ＇6＇　We　will　now　describe　the　services　demanded　from　the　different
  classes；　and　thus　it　will　appear　how　the　Persians　endeavour　to　improve
  their　citizens。　The　boys　go　to　school　and　give　their　time　to　learning
  justice　and　righteousness：　they　will　tell　you　they　come　for　that
  purpose；　and　the　phrase　is　as　natural　with　them　as　it　is　for　us　to
  speak　of　lads　learning　their　letters。　The　masters　spend　the　chief　part
  of　the　day　in　deciding　cases　for　their　pupils：　for　in　this　boy…world；
  as　in　the　grown…up　world　without；　occasions　of　indictment　are　never
  far　to　seek。　There　will　be　charges；　we　know；　of　picking　and　stealing；
  of　violence；　of　fraud；　of　calumny；　and　so　forth。　The　case　is　heard　and
  the　offender；　if　shown　to　be　guilty；　is　punished。　＇7＇　Nor　does　he
  escape　who　is　found　to　have　accused　one　of　his　fellows　unfairly。　And
  there　is　one　charge　the　judges　do　not　hesitate　to　deal　with；　a　charge
  which　is　the　source　of　much　hatred　among　grown　men；　but　which　they
  seldom　press　in　the　courts；　the　charge　of　ingratitude。　The　culprit
  convicted　of　refusing　to　repay　a　debt　of　kindness　when　it　was　fully　in
  his　power　meets　with　severe　chastisement。　They　reason　that　the
  ungrateful　man　is　the　most　likely　to　forget　his　duty　to　the　gods；　to
  his　parents；　to　his　fatherland；　and　his　friends。　Shamelessness；　they
  hold；　treads　close　on　the　heels　of　ingratitude；　and　thus　ingratitude
  is　the　ringleader　and　chief　instigator　to　every　kind　of　baseness。　＇8＇
  Further；　the　boys　are　instructed　in　temperance　and　self…restraint；　and
  they　find　the　utmost　help　towards　the　attainment　of　this　virtue　in　the
  self…respecting　behaviour　of　their　elders；　shown　them　day　by　day。　Then
  they　are　taught　to　obey　their　rulers；　and　here　again　nothing　is　of
  greater　value　than　the　studied　obedience　to　authority　manifested　by
  their　elders　everywhere。　Continence　in　meat　and　drink　is　another
  branch　of　instruction；　and　they　have　no　better　aid　in　this　than；
  first；　the　example　of　their　elders；　who　never　withdraw　to　satisfy
  their　carnal　cravings　until　those　in　authority　dismiss　them；　and　next；
  the　rule　that　the　boys　must　take　their　food；　not　with　their　mother　but
  with　their　master；　and　not　till　the　governor　gives　the　sign。　They
  bring　from　home　the　staple　of　their　meal；　dry　bread　with　nasturtium
  for　a　relish；　and　to　slake　their　thirst　they　bring　a　drinking…cup；　to
  dip　in　the　running　stream。　In　addition；　they　are　taught　to　shoot　with
  the　bow　and　to　fling　the　javelin。
  The　lads　follow　their　studies　till　the　age　of　sixteen　or　seventeen；
  and　then　they　take　their　places　as　young　men。
  ＇9＇　After　that　they　spend　their　time　as　follows。　For　ten　years　they
  are　bound　to　sleep　at　night　round　the　public　buildings；　as　we　said
  before；　and　this　for　two　reasons；　to　guard　the　community　and　to
  practise　self…restraint；　because　that　season　of　life；　the　Persians
  conceive；　stands　most　in　need　of　care。　During　the　day　they　present
  themselves　before　the　governors　for　service　to　the　state；　and；
  whenever　necessary；　they　remain　in　a　body　round　the　public　buildings。
  Moreover；　when　the　king　goes　out　to　hunt；　which　he　will　do　several
  times　a　month；　he　takes　half　the　company　with　him；　and　each　man　must
  carry　bow　and　arrows；　a　sheathed　dagger；　or　〃sagaris；〃　slung　beside
  the　quiver；　a　light　shield；　and　two　javelins；　one　to　hurl　and　the
  other　to　use；　if　need　be；　at　close　quarters。　＇10＇　The　reason　of　this
  public　sanction　for　the　chase　is　not　far　to　seek；　the　king　leads　just
  as　he　does　in　war；　hunting　in　person　at　the　head　of　the　field；　and
  making　his　men　follow；　because　it　is　felt　that　the　exercise　itself　is
  the　best　possible　training　for　the　needs　of　war。　It　accustoms　a　man　to
  early　rising；　it　hardens　him　to　endure　head　and　cold；　it　teaches　him
  to　march　and　to　run　at　the　top　of　his　speed；　he　must　perforce　learn　to
  let　fly　arrow　and　javelin　the　moment　the　quarry　is　across　his　path；
  and；　above　all；　the　edge　of　his　spirit　must　needs　be　sharpened　by
  encountering　any　of　the　mightier　beasts：　he　must　deal　his　stroke　when
  the　creature　closes；　and　stand　on　guard　when　it　makes　its　rush：
  indeed；　it　would　be　hard　to　find　a　case　in　war　that　has　not　its
  parallel　in　the　chase。　＇11＇　But　to　proceed：　the　young　men　set　out　with
  provisions　that　are　ampler；　naturally；　than　the　boys'　fare；　but
  otherwise　the　same。　During　the　chase　itself　they　would　not　think　of
  breaking　their　fast；　but　if　a　halt　is　called；　to　beat　up　the　game；　or
  for　any　hunter's　reason；　then　they　will　make；　as　it　were；　a　dinner　of
  their　breakfast；　and；　hunting　again　on　the　morrow　till　dinner…time；
  they　will　count　the　two　days　as　one；　because　they　have　only　eaten　one
  day's　food。　This　they　do　in　order　that；　if　the　like　necessity　should
  arise　in　war；　they　may　be　found　equal　to　it。　As　relish　to　their　bread
  these　young　men　have　whatever　they　may　kill　in　the　chase；　or　failing
  that；　nasturtium　like　the　boys。　And　if　one　should　ask　how　they　can
  enjoy　the　meal　with　nasturtium　for　their　only　condiment　and　water　for
  their　only　drink；　let　him　bethink　himself　how　sweet　barley　bread　and
  wheaten　can　taste　to　the　hungry　man　and　water　to　the　thirsty。　＇12＇　As
  for　the　young　men　who　are　left　at　home；　they　spend　their　time　in
  shooting　and　hurling　the　javelin；　and　practising　all　they　learnt　as
  boys；　in　one　long　trial　of　skill。　Beside　this；　public　games　are　open
  to　them　and　prizes　are　offered；　and　the　tribe　which　can　claim　the
  greatest　number　of　lads　distinguished　for　skill　and　courage　and
  faithfulness　is　given　the　meed　of　prai