第 13 节
作者:嘟嘟      更新:2021-02-20 05:57      字数:9315
  such crater…lakes in Italy; as you will see if ever you go there; as you may
  see in English galleries painted by Wilson; a famous artist who died before
  you were born。        You recollect Lord Macaulay's ballad; 〃The Battle of the
  Lake Regillus〃?         Then that Lake Regillus (if I recollect right) is one of
  these round crater lakes。         Many such deep clear blue lakes have I seen in
  the   Eifel;  in   Germany;   and   many   a   curious   plant   have   I   picked   on   their
  shores; where once the steam blasted; and the earthquake roared; and the
  ash…clouds rushed up high into the heaven; and buried all the land around
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  in dust; which is now fertile soil。         And long did I puzzle to find out why
  the   water   stood    in   some   craters;  while   others;   within    a   mile   of  them
  perhaps;   were   perfectly   dry。     That   I   never   found   out   for   myself。  But
  learned men tell me that the ashes which fall back into the crater; if the
  bottom of it be wet from rain; will sometimes 〃set〃 (as it is called) into a
  hard cement; and so make the bottom of the great bowl waterproof; as if it
  were made of earthenware。
  But what gives the craters this cup…shape at first?
  ThinkWhile the steam and stones are being blown out; the crater is
  an   open   funnel;   with   more   or   less   upright   walls   inside。  As   the   steam
  grows weaker; fewer and fewer stones fall outside; and more and more fall
  back   again   inside。    At   last   they  quite   choke up   the   bottom  of   the   great
  round hole。      Perhaps; too; the lava or melted rock underneath cools and
  grows hard; and that chokes up the hole lower down。                   Then; down from
  the round edge of the crater the stones and cinders roll inward more and
  more。     The rains wash them down; the wind blows them down。                         They
  roll to the middle; and meet each other; and stop。               And so gradually the
  steep   funnel   becomes   a   round   cup。     You   may  prove   for   yourself   that   it
  must be so; if you will try。        Do you not know that if you dig a round hole
  in the ground; and leave it to crumble in; it is sure to become cup… shaped
  at last; though at first its sides may have been quite upright; like those of a
  bucket?       If   you   do   not   know;     get  a   trowel    and   make     your   little
  experiment。
  And now you ought to understand what 〃cone〃 and 〃crater〃 mean。 And
  more; if you will think for yourself; you may guess what would come out
  of   a   volcano   when   it   broke   out   〃in   an   eruption;〃   as   it   is   usually   called。
  First; clouds of steam and dust (what you would call smoke); then volleys
  of   stones;   some   cool;   some   burning   hot;   and   at   the   last;   because   it   lies
  lowest of all; the melted rock itself; which is called lava。
  And where would that come out?             At the top of the chimney?          At the
  top of the cone?
  No。     Madam        How;    as   I  told   you;   usually    makes     things   make
  themselves。      She has made the chimney of the furnace make itself; and
  next she will make the furnace…door make itself。
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  The melted lava rises in the craterthe funnel inside the cone but it
  never gets to the top。       It is so enormously heavy that the sides of the cone
  cannot bear its weight; and give way low down。 And then; through ashes
  and   cinders;   the   melted   lava   burrows   out;   twisting   and   twirling   like   an
  enormous   fiery   earth…worm;   till   it   gets   to   the   air   outside;   and   runs   off
  down the mountain in a stream of fire。             And so you may see (as are to be
  seen on Vesuvius now) two eruptions at onceone of burning stones above;
  and one of melted lava below。
  And what is lava?
  That; I think; I must tell you another time。             For when I speak of it I
  shall have to tell you more about Madam How; and her ways of making
  the ground on which you stand; than I can say just now。 But if you want to
  know (as I dare say  you do) what the eruption of a volcano is like; you
  may read what follows。          I did not see it happen; for I never had the good
  fortune of seeing a mountain burning; though I have seen many and many
  a one which has been burntextinct volcanos; as they are called。
  The man who saw ita very good friend of mine; and a very good man
  of science alsowent last year to see an eruption on Vesuvius; not from the
  main   crater;   but   from   a   small   one   which   had   risen   up   suddenly   on   the
  outside of it; and he gave me leave (when I told him that I was writing for
  children) to tell them what he saw。
  This new  cone;  he said; was   about   200   feet high;  and perhaps 80   or
  100 feet across at the top。        And as he stood below it (it was not safe to go
  up it) smoke rolled up from its top; 〃rosy pink below;〃 from the glare of
  the   caldron;   and   above   〃faint   greenish   or   blueish   silver   of   indescribable
  beauty;   from   the   light   of   the   moon。〃   But   moreBy   good   chance;   the
  cone   began   to   send    out;   not   smoke   only;   but   brilliant   burning   stones。
  〃Each   explosion;〃   he   says;   〃was   like   a   vast   girandole   of   rockets;   with   a
  noise (such as rockets would make) like the waves on a beach; or the wind
  blowing through shrouds。           The mountain was trembling the whole time。
  So it went on for two hours and more; sometimes eight or ten explosions
  in   a   minute;   and   more   than   1000   stones   in   each;   some   as   large   as   two
  bricks end to end。        The largest ones mostly fell back into the crater; but
  the smaller ones being thrown higher; and more acted on by the wind; fell
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  in immense numbers on the leeward slope of the cone〃 (of course; making
  it bigger and bigger; as I have explained already to you); and of course; as
  they were intensely hot and bright; making the cone look as if it too was
  red…hot。     But it was not so; he says; really。           The colour of the stones was
  rather   〃golden;   and   they   spotted   the   black   cone   over   with   their   golden
  showers; the smaller ones stopping still; the bigger ones rolling down; and
  jumping along just like hares。〃            〃A wonderful pedestal;〃 he says; 〃for the
  explosion which surmounted it。〃               How high the stones flew up he could
  not tell。    〃There was generally one which went much higher than the rest;
  and     pierced    upwards      towards     the   moon;     who     looked    calmly     down;
  mocking such vain attempts to reach her。〃                  The large stones; of course;
  did not rise so high; and some; he says; 〃only just appeared over the rim of
  the   cone;   above   which   they   came   floating   leisurely   up;   to   show   their
  brilliant   forms   and   intense   white   light   for   an   instant;   and   then   subside
  again。〃
  Try and picture that to yourselves; remembering that this was only a
  little side eruption; of no more importance to the whole mountain than the
  fall of a slate off the roof is of importance to the whole house。                   And then
  think    how     mean    and   weak     man's    fireworks;     and   even   man's    heaviest
  artillery;   are   compared   with   the   terrible   beauty   and   terrible   strength   of
  Madam How's artillery underneath our feet。
  C                            /  |                         /   |
  A     /…+…    E                      /      |                         /…
  +…     E    Ground          /            |  B                   Ground      …/
  |                          |   D    |   | D |    D    |              +…++
  …+…+                 |        |  |     |       |                             |
  Now look at this figure。          It represents a section of a volcano; that is;
  one cut in half to show you the inside。              A is the cone of cinders。          B; the
  black line up through the middle; is the   funnel; or crack; through   which
  steam; ashes; lava; and everything else rises。                C is the crater mouth。          D
  D D; which looks broken; are the old rocks which the steam heaved up and
  burst before it could get out。         And what are the black lines across; marked
  E   E   E?    They   are   the   streams   of   lava   which   have   burrowed   out;   some
  co