ree　successors；　Sixtus；　Innocent；　　and　Alexander；　accepted　dedications　and　allowed　themselves　to　be　sung　　to　the　hearts'　content　of　the　poets　there　even　existed　a　'Borgiad；'　　probably　in　hexameter　but　were　too　busy　elsewhere；　and　too　occupied　　in　seeking　other　foundations　for　their　power；　to　trouble　themselves　　much　about　the　poet…scholars。　Julius　II　found　poets　to　eulogize　him；　　because　he　himself　was　no　mean　subject　for　poetry；　but　he　does　not　seem　　to　have　troubled　himself　much　about　them。　He　was　followed　by　Leo　X；　'as　　Romulus　by　Numa'in　other　words；　after　the　warlike　turmoil　of　the　　previous　pontificate；　a　new　one　was　hoped　for　wholly　given　to　the　　muses。　Enjoyment　of　elegant　Latin　prose　and　melodious　verse　was　part　of　　the　pro…　gramme　of　Leo's　life；　and　his　patronage　certainly　had　the　　result　that　his　Latin　poets　have　left　us　a　living　picture　of　that　　joyous　and　brilliant　spirit　of　the　Leonine　days；　with　which　the　　biography　of　Jovius　is　filled；　in　countless　epigrams；　elegies；　odes；　　and　orations。　Probably　in　all　European　history　there　is　no　prince　who；　　in　proportion　to　the　few　striking　events　of　his　life；　has　received　such　　manifold　homage。　The　poets　had　access　to　him　chiefly　about　noon；　when　　the　musicians　had　ceased　playing；　but　one　of　the　best　among　them　tells　　us　how　they　also　pursued　him　when　he　walked　in　his　garden　or　withdrew　　to　the　privacy　of　his　chamber；　and　if　they　failed　to　catch　him　there；　　would　try　to　win　him　with　a　mendicant　ode　or　elegy；　filled；　as　usual；　　with　the　whole　population　of　Olympus。　For　Leo；　prodigal　of　his　money；　　and　disliking　to　be　surrounded　by　any　but　cheerful　faces；　displayed　a　　generosity　in　his　gifts　which　was　fabulously　exaggerated　in　the　hard　　times　that　followed。　His　reorganization　of　the　Sapienza　has　been　　already　spoken　of。　In　order　not　to　underrate　Leo's　influence　on　hu…　　manism　we　must　guard　against　being　misled　by　the　toy…work　that　was　　mixed　up　with　it；　and　must　not　allow　ourselves　to　be　deceived　by　the　　apparent　irony　with　which　he　himself　sometimes　treated　these　matters。　　Our　judgement　must　rather　dwell　on　the　countless　spiritual　　possibilities　which　are　included　in　the　word　'stimulus；'　and　which；　　though　they　cannot　be　measured　as　a　whole；　can　still；　on　closer　study；　　be　actually　followed　out　in　particular　cases。　Whatever　influence　in　　Europe　the　Italian　humanists　have　had　since　1520　depends　in　some　way　or　　other　on　the　impulse　which　was　given　by　Leo。　He　was　the　Pope　who　in　　granting　permission　to　print　the　newly　found　Tacitus；　could　say　that　　the　great　writers　were　a　rule　of　life　and　a　consolation　in　misfortune；　　that　helping　learned　men　and　obtaining　excellent　books　had　ever　been　　one　of　his　highest　aims；　and　that　he　now　thanked　heaven　that　he　could　　benefit　the　human　race　by　furthering　the　publication　of　this　book。
  The　sack　of　Rome　in　the　year　1527　scattered　the　scholars　no　less　than　　the　artists　in　every　direction；　and　spread　the　fame　of　the　great　　departed　Maecenas　to　the　farthest　boundaries　of　Italy。
  Among　the　secular　princes　of　the　fifteenth　century；　none　displayed　such　　enthusiasm　for　antiquity　as　Alfonso　the　Great　of　Aragon；　King　of　　Naples。　It　appears　that　his　zeal　was　thoroughly　unaffected；　and　that　　the　monuments　and　writings　of　the　ancient　world　made　upon　him；　from　the　　time　of　his　arrival　in　Italy；　an　impression　deep　and　powerful　enough　to　　reshape　his　life。　With　strange　readiness　he　surrendered　the　stubborn　　Aragon　to　his　brother；　and　devoted　himself　wholly　to　his　new　　possessions。　He　had　in　his　service；　either　successively　or　to…　gether；　　George　of　Trebizond；　the　younger　Chrysoloras；　Lorenzo　Valla；　　Bartolommeo　Fazio　and　Antonio　Panormita；　of　whom　the　two　latter　were　　his　historians；　Panormita　daily　instructed　the　King　and　his　court　in　　Livy；　even　during　military　expeditions。　These　men　cost　him　yearly　　20；000　gold　florins。　He　gave　Panormita　1；000　for　his　work；　Fazio　　received　for　the　'Historia　Alfonsi；'　besides　a　yearly　income　of　500　　ducats；　a　present　of　1；500　more　when　it　was　finished；　with　the　words；　　'It　is　not　given　to　pay　you；　for　your　work　would　not　be　paid　for　if　I　　gave　you　the　fairest　of　my　cities；　but　in　time　I　hope　to　satisfy　you。'
  When　he　took　Giannozzo　Manetti　as　his　secretary　on　the　most　brilliant　　conditions；　he　said　to　him；　'My　last　crust　I　will　share　with　you。'　When　　Giannozzo　first　came　to　bring　the　congratulations　of　the　Florentine　　government　on　the　marriage　of　Prince　Ferrante；　the　impression　he　made　　was　so　great；　that　the　King　sat　motionless　on　the　throne；　'like　a　　brazen　statue；　and　did　not　even　brush　away　a　fly；　which　had　settled　on　　his　nose　at　the　beginning　of　the　oration。'　His　favorite　haunt　seems　to　　have　been　the　library　of　the　castle　at　Naples；　where　he　would　sit　at　a　　window　overlooking　the　bay；　and　listen　to　learned　debates　on　the　　Trinity。　For　he　was　profoundly　religious；　and　had　the　Bible；　as　well　as　　Livy　and　Seneca；　read　to　him；　till　after　fourteen　perusals　he　knew　it　　almost　by　heart。　Who　can　fully　understand　the　feeling　with　which　he　　regarded　the　suppositions　remains　of　Livy　at　Padua？　When；　by　dint　of　　great　entreaties；　he　obtained　an　arm…bone　of　the　skeleton　from　the　　Venetians；　and　received　it　with　solemn　pomp　at　Naples；　how　strangely　　Christian　and　pagan　sentiment　must　have　been　blended　in　his　heart！　　During　a　campaign　in　the　Abruzzi；　when　the　distant　Sulmona；　the　　birthplace　of　Ovid；　was　pointed　out　to　him；　he　saluted　the　spot　and　　returned　thanks　to　its　tutelary　genius。　It　gladdened　him　to　make　good　　the　prophecy　of　the　great　poet　as　to　his　future　fame。　Once　indeed；　at　　his　famous　entry　into　the　conquered　city　of　Naples　（1443）　he　himself　　chose　to　appear　before　the　world　in　ancient　style。　Not　far　from　the　　market　a　breach　forty　ells　wide　was　made　in　the　wall；　and　through　this　　he　drove　in　a　gilded　chariot　like　a　Roman　Triumphator。　The　memory　of　　the　scene　is　preserved　by　a　noble　triumphal　arch　of　marble　in　the　　Castello　Nuovo。　His　Neapolitan　successors　inherited　as　little　of　this　　passion　for　antiquity　as　of　his　other　good　qualities。
  Alfonso　was　far　surpassed　in　learning　by　Federigo　of　Urbino；　who　had　　but　few　courtiers　around　him；　squandered　nothing；　and　in　his　　appropriation　of　antiquity；　as　in　all　other　things；　went　to　work　　considerately。　It　was　for　him　and　for　Nicholas　V　that　most　of　the　　translations　from　the　Greek；　and　a　number　of　the　best　commentaries　and　　other　such　works；　were　written。　He　spent　much　on　the　scholars　whose　　services　he　used；　but　spent　it　to　good　purpose。　There　were　no　traces　of　　a　poets'　court　at　Urbino；　where　the　Duke　himself　was　the　most　learned　　in　the　whole　court。　Classical　antiquity；　indeed；　only　formed　a　part　of　　his　culture。　An　accomplished　ruler；　captain；　and　gentleman；　he　had　　mastered　the　greater　part　of　the　science　of　the　day；　and　this　with　a　　view　to　its　practical　application。　As　a　theologian；　he　was　able　to　　compare　Scotus　with　Aquinas；　and　was　familiar　with　the　writings　of　the　　old　Fathers　of　the　Eastern　and　Western　Churches；　the　former　in　Latin　　translations。　In　philosophy；　he　seems　to　have　left　Plato　altogether　to　　his　contemporary　Cosimo；　but　he　knew　thoroughly　not　only　the　Ethics　and　　Politics　of　Aristotle　but　the　Physics　and　some　other　works。　The　rest　of　　his　reading　lay　chiefly　among　the　ancient　historians；　all　of　whom　he　　possessed；　these；　and　not　the　poets；　'he　was　always　reading　and　having　　read　to　him。'
  The　Sforza；　too；　were　all　of　them　men　of　more　or　less　learning　and　　patrons　of　literature；　they　have　been　already　referred　to　in　passing。　　Duke　Francesco　probably　looked　on　humanistic　culture　as　a　matter　of　　course　in　the　education　of　his　children；　if　only　for　political　reasons。　　It　was　felt　universally　to　be　an　advantage　if　a　prince　could　mix　with　　the　most　instructed　men　of　his　time　on　an　equal　footing。　Lodovico　il　　Moro；　himself　an　excellent　Latin　scholar；　showed　an　interest　in　　intellectual　matters　which　extended　far　beyond　classical　antiquity。
  Even　the　petty　rulers　strove　after　similar　distinctions；　and　we　do　them　　injustice　by　thinking　that　they　only　supported　the　scholars　at　their　　courts　as　a　means　of　diffusing　their　own　fame。　A　ruler　like　Borso　of　　Ferrara；　with　all　his　vanity；　seems　by　no　means　to　have　looked　for　　immortality　from　the　poets；　eager　as　they　were　to　propitiate　him　with　a　　'Borseid'　and　the　like。　He　had　far　too　proud　a　sense　of　his　own　　position　as　a　ruler　for　that。　But　intercourse　with　learned　men；　　interest　in　antiquarian　matters；　and　the　passion　for　elegant　Latin　　correspondence　were　necessities　for　the　princes　of　that　age。　What　　bitter　complaints　are　those　of　Duke　Alfonso；　competent　as　he　was　in　　practical　matters；　that　his　weakliness　in　youth　had　forced　him　to　seek　　recreation　in　manual　pursuits　only！　or　was　this　merely　an　excuse　to　　keep　the　humanists　at　a　distance？　A　nature　like　his　was　not　　intelligible　even　to　contemporaries。
  Even　the　most　insignificant　despots　of　Romagna　found　it　hard　to　do　　without　one　or　two　men　of　letters　about　them。　The　tutor　and　secretary　　were　often　one　and　the　same　person；　who　sometimes；　indeed；　acted　as　a　　kind　of　court　factotum。　We　are　apt　to　treat　the　small　scale　of　these　　courts　as　a　reason　for　dismissing　them　with　a　too　ready　contempt；　　forgetting　that　the　highest　spiritual　things　are　not　precis