第 76 节
作者:九米      更新:2021-02-19 21:28      字数:8936
  too many tastes will numb the palate;
  too much of the hunt and chase will make the heart go mad;
  Precious things can hold back progress。
  That is why those who are enlightened
  care for what is inside themselves
  not what they see outside。
  They renounce the latter; and choose what is within。
  * wu se厀u yin厀u we: too many colours卬otes卼astes
  literally; wu means 慺ive? Wu se 'the five colours' are red; yellow; green; white; and black。 Wu yin 'the five notes' are the five notes of the Chinese musical scale (C; D; E; G; A; in Western notation)。 Wu we 'the five tastes' are salty; sweet; bitter; sour; and pungent。 By extension; wu also takes on a wider meaning of 憂umerous/many/too many/all? which is the sense adopted here。 The overall implication of the lines is that too much involvement with sensory experience will cause inner truth to atrophy。
  13
  Favour and disgrace both cause anxiety。
  High rank; just like the body; causes great trouble。 *
  But what is meant by 慺avour and disgrace both cause anxiety?
  When favour is bestowed upon the lowly; it causes apprehension;
  just as when it is withdrawn。
  This is what is meant by 慺avour and disgrace both cause anxiety。?br》
  What is meant by 慼igh rank; just like the body; causes great trouble?
  The reason why we have great trouble is because we have a body。
  Without a body; what great trouble could there be?
  Whoever values the world as much as their body
  can be trusted to care for the world。
  Whoever loves the world as much as their body
  can be trusted with its guardianship。
  * chong ru ruo jing; gui da huan ruo shen: favour and disgrace both cause anxiety / High rank; just like the body; causes great troubles
  These are some of the most difficult characters to translate in the entire text; which may itself be corrupt at this point。 The absence of word…inflections; conjunctions; and auxiliary verbs in the original mean that chong ru; for example; can be construed as 慺avour and disgrace? 慺avour is a disgrace? 憃ne should favour 'i。e。 welcome' disgrace? Similarly; gui da huan can be interpreted as 慼igh rank and great trouble? 慼igh rank is a great trouble? 憃ne should rank great trouble highly 'i。e。 not minimise it'? The translation here attempts to present a reasonably coherent meaning; though the implications of the words still remain elusive。
  14
  You look at it but cannot see;
  its name is formlessness。
  You listen to it but cannot hear;
  its name is soundlessness。
  You reach out for it but cannot touch;
  its name is intangibility。
  These three things are indefinable;
  and so they intermingle in a single unity。
  The aspect that it shows is not dazzling;
  the aspect that it hides is not obscure。
  Stretching into boundlessness; it is unnameable;
  returning once again to nothingness。
  It is the formless form;
  the image that is imageless。
  It is the indefinable;
  the unimaginable。
  Go up to it; you will not see its face。
  Follow it behind; you will not see its back。
  Hold fast to the timelessness of DAO
  so you may master the realities of here and now。
  Understand the very first beginning;
  which is the thread that runs through all of DAO。
  15
  The ancient ones who were well…versed in DAO
  were subtle and mysterious; deep beyond all knowing;
  so profound their minds could not be plumbed。
  Because they were unfathomable;
  all we can do is describe how they appeared:
  watchful like someone crossing icy streams;
  cautious like someone aware of danger;
  considerate like a welcome guest;
  yielding like a melting piece of ice;
  simple like an uncarved block of wood;
  spacious like an open valley;
  murky like a muddied pool。
  Who can take murky water and;
  by stillness;
  make it gradually come clear?
  Who can take what is in stillness and;
  by constant motion;
  make it slowly come to life?
  Those who embrace the DAO do not seek to be full。
  It is because they are not full that they can grow old
  and then be newly made。
  16
  So touch the utmost emptiness that there is;
  hold steadfastly to stillness;
  and you will see all things arise in unison
  as they merge back to perfect emptiness。
  All things will teem forth in their growth
  each one returning to its root。
  Returning to the root is to find tranquillity;
  this is known as returning to one抯 destiny。
  Returning to one抯 destiny is known as unchangingness。
  To understand unchangingness is known as enlightenment。
  Not to understand unchangingness leads to error and disaster。
  Understanding the unchangingness that embraces everything
  leads to dispassionateness。
  Dispassionateness leads to nobility;
  nobility to heaven;
  heaven to the DAO;
  the DAO to everlastingness。
  You will be free from danger to the end of your life。
  17
  The best leaders are those whom people hardly know。
  Next best are those who are both loved and praised。
  Then worse are those who instil fear;
  and worst of all are those who are despised。
  When leaders do not trust enough;
  they are themselves not trusted。
  When they are quiet and choose their words with care;
  they accomplish all their tasks; achieve their goals;
  and everybody says; 慙ook at what we抳e done ourselves。?br》
  18
  When the great DAO is lost to sight;
  codes of goodness and morality appear。
  When cleverness and shrewdness are produced;
  massive hypocrisy appears。
  When family relationships lose natural harmony;
  慺ilial piety?and 慸evoted parenthood?arise。
  When there is strife and anarchy within the state;
  憀oyal patriots?abound。
  19
  Abandon sageliness; discard mere cleverness;
  and people will benefit a hundredfold。
  Discard morality and rectitude
  and people will return to natural love。
  Renounce all learnedness and ceremony
  and people will not be anxious any more。
  Root out craftiness and profiteering
  and thieves and robbers will disappear。
  Yet these four lessons are merely surface things。 So let these other teachings follow:
  recognise simplicity;
  embrace a natural purity;
  have little thought of self;
  temper your desire。
  20
  How far apart are 憏es?and 憂o?
  How much alike are 慻ood?and 慴ad?
  Must I fear what others fear?
  My fear then would not have an end。
  The people all are full of joy
  as if partaking in a sacrificial feast;
  or going on an outing in the spring。
  I alone remain here calm。 I show no sign;
  like a baby who has yet to smile;
  forlorn; with nowhere to go back to。
  The people now have all they want; and more;
  but I alone seem to be in need。
  I am a fool。 I am so muddled and confused。 *
  Ordinary people are so very bright;
  I alone seem dull and dark。
  Ordinary people are so very sharp;
  I alone seem muddled and withdrawn。
  The people all have things to do;
  I alone seem stubborn and uncouth。
  I alone am different from others;
  suckling the Great Mother for my nourishment。
  * 20 ye zai!厇hao zhao卙un hun卌ha cha卪en men: indeed indeed卋right bright卍ark dark卻harp sharp卍ull dull
  Chinese often conveys intensives by repeating words; as above。 Since such repetition is not a natural English idiom; the intensives in these lines are translated either by 憇o very?(慜rdinary people are so very bright? or by adding a closely related adjective (慖 alone seem dull and dark?。
  21
  The greatest virtue is to follow DAO; and DAO alone。
  As a thing; the DAO is vague and indistinct。
  Within it is a form; vague and indistinct。
  Within it is a substance; vague and indistinct。
  Within it is an essence; hidden and profound。
  This essence is completely true; within it lies its proof。
  From ancient times until today;
  its name has never been forgotten。
  By means of it; we see the origin of everything。
  How do I know the origin of everything?
  By means of it。
  * yi ci: by means of it
  the Chinese here (which is repeated in the final line of section 54) may appear particularly bald and gnomic; literally meaning 慴y this? Several translators have attempted to clarify the uncertainty by various elaborations: 慴y what is within me? 慴y inward knowledge? 慴y intuition? 慹xactly by this phenomenon? 慴y the nature of the DAO? and so forth。 It may seem best; though; to retain the ambiguity。 If the 慽t?is indeed the DAO; it is after all unnameable。
  22
  Yield; and you will be preserved;
  bend; and you will become straight;
  be empty; and you will be filled;
  grow old; and you will be renewed;
  have little; and you will gather much;
  have much; and you will lose your way。
  Because of this; those who are enlightened embrace the primal unity
  and offer up a model to the world。
  They do not display themselves; and so shine bright;
  they do not promote themse