Tacitus　on　Germany
  by　　Tacitus
  Translated　by　Thomas　Gordon
  INTRODUCTORY　NOTE
  The　dates　of　the　birth　and　death　of　Tacitus　are　uncertain；　but　it　is
  probable　that　he　was　born　about　54　A。　D。　and　died　after　117。　He　was　a
  contemporary　and　friend　of　the　younger　Pliny；　who　addressed　to　him
  some　of　his　most　famous　epistles。　Tacitus　was　apparently　of　the
  equestrian　class；　was　an　advocate　by　training；　and　had　a　reputation　as
  an　orator；　though　none　of　his　speeches　has　survived。　He　held　a　number
  of　important　public　offices；　and　married　the　daughter　of　Agricola；　the
  conqueror　of　Britain；　whose　life　he　wrote。
  The　two　chief　works　of　Tacitus；　the　〃Annals〃　and　the　〃Histories；〃
  covered　the　history　of　Rome　from　the　death　of　Augustus　to　A。　D。　96；
  but　the　greater　part　of　the　〃Histories〃　is　lost；　and　the　fragment　that
  remains　deals　only　with　the　year　69　and　part　of　70。　In　the　〃Annals〃
  there　are　several　gaps；　but　what　survives　describes　a　large　part　of
  the　reigns　of　Tiberius；　Claudius；　and　Nero。　His　minor　works；　besides
  the　life　of　Agricola；　already　mentioned；　are　a　〃Dialogue　on　Orators〃
  and　the　account　of　Germany；　its　situation；　its　inhabitants；　their
  character　and　customs；　which　is　here　printed。
  Tacitus　stands　in　the　front　rank　of　the　historians　of　antiquity　for
  the　accuracy　of　his　learning；　the　fairness　of　his　judgments；　the
  richness；　concentration；　and　precision　of　his　style。　His　great
  successor；　Gibbon；　called　him　a　〃philosophical　historian；　whose
  writings　will　instruct　the　last　generations　of　mankind〃；　and　Montaigne
  knew　no　author　〃who；　in　a　work　of　history；　has　taken　so　broad　a　view
  of　human　events　or　given　a　more　just　analysis　of　particular
  characters。〃
  The　〃Germany〃　is　a　document　of　the　greatest　interest　and　importance；
  since　it　gives　us　by　far　the　most　detailed　account　of　the　state　of
  culture　among　the　tribes　that　are　the　ancestors　of　the　modern　Teutonic
  nations；　at　the　time　when　they　first　came　into　account　with　the
  civilization　of　the　Mediterranean。
  TACITUS　ON　GERMANY
  The　whole　of　Germany　is　thus　bounded；　separated　from　Gaul；　from
  Rhoetia　and　Pannonia；　by　the　rivers　Rhine　and　Danube；　from　Sarmatia
  and　Dacia　by　mutual　fear；　or　by　high　mountains：　the　rest　is
  encompassed　by　the　ocean；　which　forms　huge　bays；　and　comprehends　a
  tract　of　islands　immense　in　extent：　for　we　have　lately　known　certain
  nations　and　kingdoms　there；　such　as　the　war　discovered。　The　Rhine
  rising　in　the　Rhoetian　Alps　form　a　summit　altogether　rocky　and
  perpendicular；　after　a　small　winding　towards　the　west；　is　lost　in　the
  Northern　Ocean。　The　Danube　issues　out　of　the　mountain　Abnoba；　one　very
  high　but　very　easy　of　ascent；　and　traversing　several　nations；　falls　by
  six　streams　into　the　Euxine　Sea；　for　its　seventh　channel　is　absorbed
  in　the　Fenns。
  The　Germans；　I　am　apt　to　believe；　derive　their　original　from　no　other
  people；　and　are　nowise　mixed　with　different　nations　arriving　amongst
  them：　since　anciently　those　who　went　in　search　of　new　dwellings；
  travelled　not　by　land；　but　were　carried　in　fleets；　and　into　that
  mighty　ocean　so　boundless；　and；　as　I　may　call　it；　so　repugnant　and
  forbidding；　ships　from　our　world　rarely　enter。　Moreover；　besides　the
  dangers　from　a　sea　tempestuous；　horrid　and　unknown；　who　would
  relinquish　Asia；　or　Africa；　or　Italy；　to　repair　to　Germany；　a　region
  hideous　and　rude；　under　a　rigorous　climate；　dismal　to　behold　or　to
  manure　＇to　cultivate＇　unless　the　same　were　his　native　country？　In
  their　old　ballads　（which　amongst　them　are　the　only　sort　of　registers
  and　history）　they　celebrate　/Tuisto/；　a　God　sprung　from　the　earth；　and
  /Mannus/　his　son；　as　the　fathers　and　founders　of　the　nation。　To
  /Mannus/　they　assign　three　sons；　after　whose　names　so　many　people　are
  called；　the　Ingaevones；　dwelling　next　the　ocean；　the　Herminones；　in
  the　middle　country；　and　all　the　rest；　Instaevones。　Some；　borrowing　a
  warrant　from　the　darkness　of　antiquity；　maintain　that　the　God　had　more
  sons；　that　thence　came　more　denominations　of　people；　the　Marsians；
  Gambrians；　Suevians；　and　Vandalians；　and　that　these　are　the　names
  truly　genuine　and　original。　For　the　rest；　they　affirm　Germany　to　be　a
  recent　word；　lately　bestowed：　for　that　those　who　first　passed　the
  Rhine　and　expulsed　the　Gauls；　and　are　now　named　Tungrians；　were　then
  called　Germans：　and　thus　by　degrees　the　name　of　a　tribe　prevailed；　not
  that　of　the　nation；　so　that　by　an　appellation　at　first　occasioned　by
  terror　and　conquest；　they　afterwards　chose　to　be　distinguished；　and
  assuming　a　name　lately　invented　were　universally　called　/Germans/。
  They　have　a　tradition　that　Hercules　also　had　been　in　their　country；
  and　him　above　all　other　heroes　they　extol　in　their　songs　when　they
  advance　to　battle。　Amongst　them　too　are　found　that　kind　of　verses　by
  the　recital　of　which　（by　them　called　/Barding/）　they　inspire　bravery；
  nay；　by　such　chanting　itself　they　divine　the　success　of　the
  approaching　fight。　For；　according　to　the　different　din　of　the　battle
  they　urge　furiously；　or　shrink　timorously。　Nor　does　what　they　utter；
  so　much　seem　to　be　singing　as　the　voice　and　exertion　of　valour。　They
  chiefly　study　a　tone　fierce　and　harsh；　with　a　broken　and　unequal
  murmur；　and　therefore　apply　their　shields　to　their　mouths；　whence　the
  voice　may　by　rebounding　swell　with　greater　fulness　and　force。　Besides
  there　are　some　of　opinion；　that　Ulysses；　whilst　he　wandered　about　in
  his　long　and　fabulous　voyages；　was　carried　into　this　ocean　and　entered
  Germany；　and　that　by　him　Asciburgium　was　founded　and　named；　a　city　at
  this　day　standing　and　inhabited　upon　the　bank　of　the　Rhine：　nay；　that
  in　the　same　place　was　formerly　found　an　altar　dedicated　to　Ulysses；
  with　the　name　of　his　father　Laertes　added　to　his　own；　and　that　upon
  the　confines　of　Germany　and　Rhoetia　are　still　extant　certain　monuments
  and　tombs　inscribed　with　Greek　characters。　Traditions　these　which　I
  mean　not　either　to　confirm　with　arguments　of　my　own　or　to　refute。　Let
  every　one　believe　or　deny　the　same　according　to　his　own　bent。
  For　myself；　I　concur　in　opinion　with　such　as　suppose　the　people　of
  Germany　never　to　have　mingled　by　inter…marriages　with　other　nations；
  but　to　have　remained　a　people　pure；　and　independent；　and　resembling
  none　but　themselves。　Hence　amongst　such　a　mighty　multitude　of　men；　the
  same　make　and　form　is　found　in　all；　eyes　stern　and　blue；　yellow　hair；
  huge　bodies；　but　vigorous　only　in　the　first　onset。　Of　pains　and　labour
  they　are　not　equally　patient；　nor　can　they　at　all　endure　thrift　and
  heat。　To　bear　hunger　and　cold　they　are　hardened　by　their　climate　and
  soil。
  Their　lands；　however　somewhat　different　in　aspect；　yet　taken　all
  together　consist　of　gloomy　forests　or　nasty　marshes；　lower　and　moister
  towards　Noricum　and　Pannonia；　very　apt　to　bear　grain；　but　altogether
  unkindly　to　fruit　trees；　abounding　in　flocks　and　herds；　but　generally
  small　of　growth。　Nor　even　in　their　oxen　is　found　the　usual
  stateliness；　no　more　than　the　natural　ornaments　and　grandeur　of　head。
  In　the　number　of　their　herds　they　rejoice；　and　these　are　their　only；
  these　their　most　desirable　riches。　Silver　and　gold　the　Gods　have
  denied　them；　whether　in　mercy　or　in　wrath；　I　am　unable　to　determine。
  Yet　I　would　not　venture　to　aver　that　in　Germany　no　vein　of　gold　or
  silver　is　produced；　for　who　has　ever　searched？　For　the　use　and
  possession；　it　is　certain　they　care　not。　Amongst　them　indeed　are　to　be
  seen　vessels　of　silver；　such　as　have　been　presented　to　their　Princes
  and　Ambassadors；　but　holden　in　no　other　esteem　than　vessels　made　of
  earth。　The　Germans　however　adjoining　to　our　frontiers　value　gold　and
  silver　for　the　purposes　of　commerce；　and　are　wont　to　distinguish　and
  prefer　certain　of　our　coins。　They　who　live　more　remote　are　more
  primitive　and　simple　in　their　dealings；　and　exchange　one　commodity　for
  another。　The　money　which　they　like　is　the　old　and　long　known；　that
  indented　＇with　milled　edges＇；　or　that　impressed　with　a　chariot　and　two
  horses。　Silver　too　is　what　they　seek　more　than　gold；　from　no　fondness
  or　preference；　but　because　small　pieces　are　more　ready　in　purchasing
  things　cheap　and　common。
  Neither　in　truth　do　they　abound　in　iron；　as　from　the　fashion　of　their
  weapons　may　be　gathered。　Swords　they　rarely　use；　or　the　larger　spear。
  They　carry　javelins　or；　in　their　own　language；　/framms/；　pointed　with
  a　piece　of　iron　short　and　narrow；　but　so　sharp　and　manageable；　that
  with　the　same　weapon　they　can　fight　at　a　distance　or　hand　to　hand；
  just　as　need　requires。　Nay；　the　horsemen　also　are　content　with　a
  shield　and　a　javelin。　The　foot　throw　likewise　weapons　missive；　each
  particular　is　armed　with　many；　and　hurls　them　a　mighty　space；　all
  naked　or　only　wearing　a　light　cassock。　In　their　equipment　they　show　no
  ostentation；　only　that　their　shields　are　diversified　and　adorned　with
  curious　colours。　With　coats　of　mail　very　few　are　furnished；　and　hardly
  upon　any　is　seen　a　headpiece　or　helmet。　Their　horses　are　nowise　signal
  either　in　fashion　or　in　fleetness；　nor　taught　to　wheel　and　bound；
  according　to　the　practice　of　the　Romans：　they　only　move　them　forward
  in　a　line；　or　turn　them　right　about；　with　such　compactness　and
  equality　that　no　one　is　ever　behind　the　rest。　To　one　who　considers