第 6 节
作者:江暖      更新:2021-02-19 20:43      字数:9322
  Black     Mingo     and   the   fork   of   Black    river。  Attempt     on   Georgetown
  frustrated。 Marion takes post at Snow Island。 Sumter's career。 Ferguson's
  defeat。 Spirit of the whigs begins to revive。
  The   year   1780;   was   the   most   eventful   one;   in   the   annals   of   South
  Carolina。 The late failure of the attack on Savannah; the little opposition
  which Gen。 Prevost met with; in a march of more than one hundred miles
  through the state; the conduct of the planters; in submitting; to save their
  property;     and    the  well    known     weakness      of  the   southern     army;    all
  conspired   to   induce   the   enemy   to   believe;   that   Charleston;   and      South
  Carolina; would become an easy prey。 Sir Henry Clinton; their commander
  in chief; meditating a formidable expedition against them; with this view
  sailed from New York on the 26th December; 1779; with an army; which;
  with subsequent reinforcements amounted to about 12;000 men。 To oppose
  this great force; Gen。 Lincoln had not more than two thousand; a great part
  of   which   was   militia。   His   head   quarters   were   in   Charleston;   where   the
  general assembly  were   setting in   calm  deliberation;  for they  had   not   yet
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  Life of Marion。
  heard   of   the   rising   storm。   Lieut。   Col。  Marion;  had   command   of   the   out…
  post of this little army; at Sheldon; near Pocotaligo; where he had orders to
  watch the motions of Prevost; and prevent him from obtaining supplies of
  provisions; from the Carolina side of Savannah river。 It was expected he
  was   to   remain   here   for some   time;  and   great   confidence   was   reposed   in
  him; by Gen。 Lincoln; as appears by his letters; at this period。 The British
  had a tedious passage; in which they lost part of their ordnance; most of
  their artillery; and all the horses; destined to mount their cavalry。 On the
  11th     Feb。   1780;    they   landed    about    thirty  miles    from    Charleston。     The
  assembly   sitting   there;   immediately   broke   up;   after   delegating;   〃till   ten
  days after their next session; to John Rutledge; and such of his council as
  he could conveniently consult; a power to do every thing necessary for the
  public good; except the taking away the life of a citizen; without a legal
  trial。〃 This   was nearly  the same   power;  with  which the   senate of   Rome;
  invested   their   dictators。   But   a   resolution;   fatal   in   its   consequences;   was
  unanimously adopted by this assembly: namely; to defend the town to the
  utmost extremity。 The power; thus delegated to the governor and council;
  was carried into effect afterwards; with vigour; and with what would now
  be thought an infraction of private rights。 But in the spirit of the times; and
  the   public   situation;   such   vigour   was   necessary。   The   governor's   council;
  was composed of upright and virtuous men; and John Rutledge was one of
  the most distinguished sons; to whom South Carolina has given birth。 His
  eloquence  was proverbial;   both   in   congress;   and   at home。   It   was   that   of
  Demosthenes; concise; energetic; and commanding。 There was something
  in his very manner; and the tone of his voice; that riveted the attention of
  his audience。 They stood subdued before him。 He swayed the councils of
  the   state;   he   swayed   the   councils   of   the   general   who   commanded   the
  southern army: and if he erred; he erred with a good conscience; and from
  the purest motives。
  The   first   order   issued   by   Governor   Rutledge;   was;   to   call   out   the
  drafted militia; for the defence of the town; under pain of confiscation of
  property。   This   order   was   but   partially   obeyed;      the   militia;   who   were
  friendly to the cause; had been much harassed in the last campaign; and it
  was generally known that the small…pox was in the town。 At the same time;
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  the governor sent out many influential officers; to secure the execution of
  his first order; and though intended only to operate for the present; this last
  order     was   in   time   productive      of  a  fortunate    result;   as   these   officers
  afterwards headed the people。 In the mean time; Gen。 Lincoln had ordered
  Lieut。 Col。 Marion to select two hundred men; out of the three regiments
  with him; at Sheldon; and to march immediately to town。 (31st Jan。) No
  troops were to be left in the field but two hundred light infantry; and the
  horse     under    Col。   Washington。      Marion      repaired    to  town;    according     to
  orders;   but   before   the   garrison   was   hemmed   in   by   the   enemy;   he;   by
  accident;   in   attempting   to   escape   from   a   drinking   party;   dislocated   his
  ankle。 Gen。 Lincoln had issued an order; 〃that all supernumerary officers;
  and all officers who were unfit for duty; must quit the garrison; and retire
  into the country。〃 In consequence of this order; Marion retired to St。 John's。
  He     was   afterwards     obliged     to  move     about;    from   house     to  house;    as
  favoured by friends; and often to hide in the woods; until he got better; but;
  as   soon   as   he   was   able;  he   collected   a   few   friends;   and   joined   Gen。   De
  Kalb; who was then advancing; with about fourteen hundred men; of the
  Maryland         and     Delaware       troops;     towards       South      Carolina。      The
  correspondence of Gen。 Horry here breaks off suddenly; and we hear no
  more     of   Marion     for  five   months。     But   an   accident;    which     must    have
  appeared to him a great misfortune; at the time; was afterwards productive
  of the most happy effects。 Another has been noted only a few pages back。
  In   the   mean   time;   the   enemy   proceeded   cautiously   in   the   siege   of
  Charleston。       They     formed     a   depot    on   James     Island;    and    erected    a
  fortification on it; and the main; near Wappoo cut。 On the 28th of March
  they    crossed     Ashley    river;   near   the   ferry;   and   made     a  lodgement      in
  Charleston   neck。   Col。   Laurens;   with   the   light   infantry;   skirmished   with
  them;   but;   as   they   greatly   exceeded   him   in   numbers;   he   was   obliged   to
  retire within the lines。 On the night of the 1st of April; Sir Henry Clinton
  commenced his first parallel; at the distance of eleven hundred yards from
  the American works。 On the 7th; twelve sail of the enemy's ships passed
  Fort   Moultrie;   under   a   heavy   fire。   The   garrison   had   been   assiduous   in
  preparing   for   defence;   the   old   works   were   strengthened;   and   lines   and
  redoubts were extended from Ashley to Cooper river。 A strong abbatis was
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  made in front; and a deep; wet ditch was opened from the marsh on one
  side; to that on the other; and the lines were so constructed as to rake it。 On
  the 10th; the enemy had completed their first parallel; and Gen。  Lincoln
  was   summoned   to   surrender;   but   refused。  All   attempts   at   removing   the
  force     besieged;    out   of   the  town;    had;    while    it  was   practicable;    been
  opposed       by   the  governor      and   council;    and    the  officers    of  the   South
  Carolina   troops;   and   Gen。   Lincoln;   had   not   the   resolution   to   counteract
  them。 At length it was thought advisable; that the governor and three of his
  council   should   leave   the   town;   and   that   Lieut。   Gov。   Gadsden   and   five
  others   should   remain。   The   ships   of   war;   in   the   harbour   of   Charleston;
  being quite inadequate to oppose the force which had passed Fort Moultrie;
  were   divested   of   their   guns;   to   reinforce   the   batteries;   and   were   sunk
  nearly   opposite   the   exchange;   to   impede   the   passage   of   the   enemy   up
  Cooper river。 Soon after this; Sir Henry Clinton; being reinforced by two
  thousand   five   hundred   men;   under   Lord   Cornwallis;   pushed   them   over
  Cooper river; and enclosed the besieged on the side of St。 Thomas' parish
  and Christ church; and the town was now completely invested by land and
  water。   About      this   time;  the   American      forces   in   the   field  having    been
  defeated;   as   hereafter   to   be   narrated;   and   the   British   having   completed
  their second   parallel;  an   offer   to   capitulate   was   made   by  Lincoln;  to   Sir
  Henry   Clinton;   an