accumulating　much　money　for　ourselves；　but　also　of　contriving
  that　our　neighbours　shall　have　less。　In　accurate　terms；　it　is
  〃the　art　of　establishing　the　maximum　inequality　in　our　own
  favour。〃
  Now；　the　establishment　of　such　inequality　cannot　be　shown　in
  the　abstract　to　be　either　advantageous　or　disadvantageous　to　the
  body　of　the　nation。　The　rash　and　absurd　assumption　that　such
  inequalities　are　necessarily　advantageous；　lies　at　the　root　of
  most　of　the　popular　fallacies　on　the　subject　of　political
  economy。　For　the　eternal　and　inevitable　law　in　this　matter　is；
  that　the　beneficialness　of　the　inequality　depends；　first；　on　the
  methods　by　which　it　was　accomplished；　and；　secondly；　on　the
  purposes　to　which　it　is　applied。　Inequalities　of　wealth；　unjustly
  established；　have　assuredly　injured　the　nation　in　which　they
  exist　during　their　establishment；　and；　unjustly　directed；　injure
  it　yet　more　during　their　existence。　But　inequalities　of　wealth；
  justly　established；　benefit　the　nation　in　the　course　of　their
  establishment；　and；　nobly　used；　aid　it　yet　more　by　their
  existence。　That　is　to　say；　among　every　active　and　well…governed
  people；　the　various　strength　of　individuals；　tested　by　full
  exertion　and　specially　applied　to　various　need；　issues　in
  unequal；　but　harmonious　results；　receiving　reward　or　authority
  according　to　its　class　and　service；（2*）　while；　in　the　inactive　or
  ill…governed　nation；　the　gradations　of　decay　and　the　victories　of
  treason　work　out　also　their　own　rugged　system　of　subjection　and
  success；　and　substitute；　for　the　melodious　inequalities　of
  concurrent　power；　the　iniquitous　dominances　and　depressions　of
  guilt　and　misfortune。
  Thus　the　circulation　of　wealth　in　a　nation　resembles　that　of
  the　blood　in　the　natural　body。　There　is　one　quickness　of　the
  current　which　comes　of　cheerful　emotion　or　wholesome　exercise；
  and　another　which　comes　of　shame　or　of　fever。　There　is　a　flush　of
  the　body　which　is　full　of　warmth　and　life；　and　another　which　will
  pass　into　putrefaction。
  The　analogy　will　hold　down　even　to　minute　particulars。　For　as
  diseased　local　determination　of　the　blood　involves　depression　of
  the　general　health　of　the　system；　all　morbid　local　action　of
  riches　will　be　found　ultimately　to　involve　a　weakening　of　the
  resources　of　the　body　politic。
  The　mode　in　which　this　is　produced　may　be　at　once　understood
  by　examining　one　or　two　instances　of　the　development　of　wealth　in
  the　simplest　possible　circumstances。
  Suppose　two　sailors　cast　away　on　an　uninhabited　coast；　and
  obliged　to　maintain　themselves　there　by　their　own　labour　for　a
  series　of　years。
  If　they　both　kept　their　health；　and　worked　steadily　and　in
  amity　with　each　other；　they　might　build　themselves　a　convenient
  house；　and　in　time　come　to　possess　a　certain　quantity　of
  cultivated　land；　together　with　various　stores　laid　up　for　future
  use。　All　these　things　would　be　real　riches　or　property；　and；
  supposing　the　men　both　to　have　worked　equally　hard；　they　would
  each　have　right　to　equal　share　or　use　of　it。　Their　political
  economy　would　consist　merely　in　careful　preservation　and　just
  division　of　these　possessions。　Perhaps；　however；　after　some　time
  one　or　other　might　be　dissatisfied　with　the　results　of　their
  common　farming；　and　they　might　in　consequence　agree　to　divide　the
  land　they　had　brought　under　the　spade　into　equal　shares；　so　that
  each　might　thenceforward　work　in　his　own　field；　and　live　by　it。
  Suppose　that　after　this　arrangement　had　been　made；　one　of　them
  were　to　fall　ill；　and　be　unable　to　work　on　his　land　at　a　critical
  time　　say　of　sowing　or　harvest。
  He　would　naturally　ask　the　other　to　sow　or　reap　for　him。
  Then　his　companion　might　say；　with　perfect　justice；　〃I　will
  do　this　additional　work　for　you；　but　if　I　do　it；　you　must　promise
  to　do　as　much　for　me　at　another　time。　I　will　count　how　many　hours
  I　spend　on　your　ground；　and　you　shall　give　me　a　written　promise
  to　work　for　the　same　number　of　hours　on　mine；　whenever　I　need
  your　help；　and　you　are　able　to　give　it。〃　Suppose　the　disabled
  man's　sickness　to　continue；　and　that　under　various　circumstances；
  for　several　years；　requiring　the　help　of　the　other；　he　on　each
  occasion　gave　a　written　pledge　to　work；　as　soon　as　he　was　able；
  at　his　companion's　orders；　for　the　same　number　of　hours　which　the
  other　had　given　up　to　him。　What　will　the　positions　of　the　two　men
  be　when　the　invalid　is　able　to　resume　work？
  Considered　as　a　〃Polis；〃　or　state；　they　will　be　poorer　than
  they　would　have　been　otherwise：　poorer　by　the　withdrawal　of　what
  the　sick　man's　labour　would　have　produced　in　the　interval。　His
  friend　may　perhaps　have　toiled　with　an　energy　quickened　by　the
  enlarged　need；　but　in　the　end　his　own　land　and　property　must　have
  suffered　by　the　withdrawal　of　so　much　of　his　time　and　thought
  from　them：　and　the　united　property　of　the　two　men　will　be
  certainly　less　than　it　would　have　been　if　both　had　remained　in
  health　and　activity。
  But　the　relations　in　which　they　stand　to　each　other　are　also
  widely　altered。　The　sick　man　has　not　only　pledged　his　labour　for
  some　years；　but　will　probably　have　exhausted　his　own　share　of　the
  accumulated　stores；　and　will　be　in　consequence　for　some　time
  dependent　on　the　other　for　food；　which　he　can　only　〃pay〃　or
  reward　him　for　by　yet　more　deeply　pledging　his　own　labour。
  Supposing　the　written　promises　to　be　held　entirely　valid
  （among　civilized　nations　their　validity　is　secured　by　legal
  measures（3*））；　the　person　who　had　hitherto　worked　for　both　might
  now；　if　he　chose；　rest　altogether；　and　pass　his　time　in　idleness；
  not　only　forcing　his　companion　to　redeem　all　the　engagements　he
  had　already　entered　into；　but　exacting　from　him　pledges　for
  further　labour；　to　an　arbitrary　amount；　for　what　food　he　had　to
  advance　to　him。
  There　might　not；　from　first　to　last；　be　the　least　illegality
  （in　the　ordinary　sense　of　the　word）　in　the　arrangement；　but　if　a
  stranger　arrived　on　the　coast　at　this　advanced　epoch　of　their
  political　economy；　he　would　find　one　man　commercially　Rich；　the
  other　commercially　Poor。　He　would　see；　perhaps；　with　no　small
  surprise；　one　passing　his　days　in　idleness；　the　other　labouring
  for　both；　and　living　sparely；　in　the　hope　of　recovering　his
  independence　at　some　distant　period。
  This　is；　of　course；　an　example　of　one　only　out　of　many　ways
  in　which　inequality　of　possession　may　be　established　between
  different　persons；　giving　rise　to　the　Mercantile　forms　of　Riches
  and　Poverty。　In　the　instance　before　us；　one　of　the　men　might　from
  the　first　have　deliberately　chosen　to　be　idle；　and　to　put　his
  life　in　pawn　for　present　ease；　or　he　might　have　mismanaged　his
  land；　and　been　compelled　to　have　recourse　to　his　neighbour　for
  food　and　help；　pledging　his　future　labour　for　it。　But　what　I　want
  the　reader　to　note　especially　is　the　fact；　common　to　a　large
  number　of　typical　cases　of　this　kind；　that　the　establishment　of
  the　mercantile　wealth　which　consists　in　a　claim　upon　labour；
  signifies　a　political　diminution　of　the　real　wealth　which
  consists　in　substantial　possessions。
  Take　another　example；　more　consistent　with　the　ordinary
  course　of　affairs　of　trade。　Suppose　that　three　men；　instead　of
  two；　formed　the　little　isolated　republic；　and　found　themselves
  obliged　to　separate；　in　order　to　farm　different　pieces　of　land　at
  some　distance　from　each　other　along　the　coast：　each　estate
  furnishing　a　distinct　kind　of　produce；　and　each　more　or　less　in
  need　of　the　material　raised　on　the　other。　Suppose　that　the　third
  man；　in　order　to　save　the　time　of　all　three；　undertakes　simply　to
  superintend　the　transference　of　commodities　from　one　farm　to　the
  other；　on　condition　of　receiving　some　sufficiently　remunerative
  share　of　every　parcel　of　goods　conveyed；　or　of　some　other　parcel
  received　in　exchange　for　it。
  If　this　carrier　or　messenger　always　brings　to　each　estate；
  from　the　other；　what　is　chiefly　wanted；　at　the　right　time；　the
  operations　of　the　two　farmers　will　go　on　prosperously；　and　the
  largest　possible　result　in　produce；　or　wealth；　will　be　attained
  by　the　little　community。　But　suppose　no　intercourse　between　the
  landowners　is　possible；　except　through　the　travelling　agent；　and
  that；　after　a　time；　this　agent；　watching　the　course　of　each　man's
  agriculture；　keeps　back　the　articles　with　which　he　has　been
  entrusted　until　there　comes　a　period　of　extreme　necessity　for
  them；　on　one　side　or　other