第 15 节
作者:这就是结局      更新:2021-02-19 18:29      字数:9319
  the catalogue 〃ninth or tenth century;〃 but was in reality of the end of the
  tenth or beginning of the eleventh; was sold for 565 pounds to a  dealer。
  It found its way into Mr。 Bragge's collection; at what price I do not know;
  and was resold; three years later; for 780 pounds。
  Any     person    desirous    of  making     a  collection    of  illuminated     MSS。;
  should study seriously for some time at the British Museum; or some such
  place; until   he is thoroughly acquainted   (1)  with   the styles   of   writing in
  use in the Middle Ages; so that he can at a glance make a fairly accurate
  estimate of the age of the book submitted to him; and (2) with the proper
  means of collating the several kinds of service…books; which; in nine cases
  out of ten; were those chosen for illumination。
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  A knowledge of the styles of writing can be acquired at second hand in
  a book lately published by Mr。 Charles Trice Martin; F。S。A。; being a new
  edition   of   〃Astle's   Progress   of   Writing。〃       Still   better;   of   course;   is   the
  actual   inspection   and   comparison   of   books   to   which   a   date   can   be   with
  some degree of certainty assigned。
  It   is  very   common       for  the  age    of  a  book    to  be   misstated     in  the
  catalogues   of   sales;   for   the   simple   reason   that   the   older  the   writing;   the
  plainer;   in   all   probability;   it   is。 Let   the   student   compare   writing   of   the
  twelfth century with that of the sixteenth; and he will be able to judge at
  once of the truth of this assertion。 I had once the good fortune to 〃pick up〃
  a   small   Testament   of   the   early   part   of   the   twelfth   century;   if   not   older;
  which was   catalogued as   belonging to the  fifteenth;  a date  which   would
  have made it of very moderate value。
  With regard to the second point; the collation of MSS。; I fear there is
  no royal road to knowing whether a book is perfect or imperfect。 In some
  cases the catchwords remain at the foot of the pages。                   It is then of course
  easy to see if a page is lost; but where no such clue is given the student's
  only chance is to be fully acquainted with what a book OUGHT to contain。
  He   can   only  do   this   when   he   has   a   knowledge   of   the   different   kinds   of
  service…books which were in use; and of their most usual contents。
  I am indebted to a paper; read by the late Sir William Tite at a meeting
  of the Society of Antiquaries; for the collation of 〃Books of Hours;〃 but
  there    are   many    kinds    of  MSS。     besides    these;   and   it  is  well   to  know
  something       of  them。     The     Horae;    or  Books     of  Hours;     were    the  latest
  development of the service…books used at an earlier period。                    They cannot;
  in   fact;   be   strictly   called   service…books;   being   intended   only   for   private
  devotion。      But in the thirteenth century and before it; Psalters were in use
  for this purpose; and the collation of a Psalter is in truth more important
  than that of a Book of Hours。             It will be well for a student; therefore; to
  begin with Psalters; as he can then get up the Hours in their elementary
  form。     I subjoin a bibliographical account of both kinds of MSS。                     In the
  famous Exhibition at the Burlington Club in 1874; a number of volumes
  was arranged to show how persistent one type of the age could be。                          The
  form   of   the   decorations;   and   the   arrangement   of   the   figures   in   borders;
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  once   invented;   was   fixed   for   generations。       In   a   Psalter  of   the   thirteenth
  century there was; under the month of January in the calendar; a picture of
  a grotesque little figure warming himself at a stove。                   The hearth below;
  the chimney…pot above; on which a stork was feeding her brood; with the
  intermediate       chimney     shaft   used    as  a  border;    looked    like   a  scientific
  preparation from the interior anatomy of a house of the period。                     In one of
  the latest of the MSS。 exhibited on that occasion was the self…same design
  again。     The little man was no longer a grotesque; and the picture had all
  the high finish and completeness in drawing that we might expect in the
  workmanship of a contemporary of Van Eyck。 There was a full series of
  intermediate books; showing the gradual growth of the picture。
  With regard to chronology; it may be roughly asserted that the earliest
  books   which   occur   are   Psalters   of   the   thirteenth   century。   Next   to   them
  come Bibles; of which an enormous issue took place before the middle of
  the fourteenth century。         These are followed by an endless series of books
  of   Hours;   which;   as   the   sixteenth   century   is   reached;   appear   in   several
  vernacular   languages。         Those   in   English;   being   both   very   rare   and   of
  great   importance   in   liturgical   history;   are   of   a   value   altogether   out   of
  proportion   to   the   beauty   of   their   illuminations。      Side   by   side   with   this
  succession       are  the   Evangelistina;      which;     like  the   example     mentioned
  above;  are   of   the highest   merit;   beauty;  and   value;   followed   by  sermons
  and homilies; and the Breviary; which itself shows signs of growth as the
  years go on。        The real Missal; with which all illuminated books used to
  be confounded; is of rare occurrence; but I have given a collation of it also。
  Besides these devotional or religious books; I must mention chronicles and
  romances;       and    the   semi…religious      and    moral    allegories;    such    as   the
  〃Pelerinage de l'Ame;〃 which is said to have given Bunyan the machinery
  of the 〃Pilgrim's Progress。〃          Chaucer's and Gower's poetry exists in many
  MSS。;      as   does    the   〃Polychronicon〃        of   Higden;     but;   as   a  rule;   the
  mediaeval       chronicles     are  of   single   origin;   and    were    not   copied。    To
  collate    MSS。     of   these   kinds    is  quite   impossible;      unless    by   carefully
  reading them; and seeing that the pages run on without break。
  I   should    advise    the  young     collector    who    wishes    to   make    sure   of
  success   not   to   be   too   catholic   in   his   tastes   at   first;   but   to   confine   his
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  attention to a single period and a single school。              I should also advise him
  to   make   from   time   to   time   a   careful   catalogue   of   what   he   buys;   and   to
  preserve it even after he has weeded out certain items。                   He will then be
  able to make a clear comparative estimate of the importance and value of
  his    collection;    and    by   studying     one   species    at   a  time;    to  become
  thoroughly conversant with what it can teach him。                    When he has; so to
  speak;     burnt   his   fingers   once    or  twice;   he   will   find  himself     able   to
  distinguish at sight what no amount of teaching by word of mouth or by
  writing could ever possibly impart to any advantage。
  One thing I should like if possible to impress very strongly upon the
  reader。     That is the fact that a MS。 which is not absolutely perfect; if it is
  in a genuine state; is of much more value than one which has been made
  perfect by the skill of a modern restorer。            The more skilful he is; that is to
  say the better he can forge the style of the original; the more worthless he
  renders the volume。
  Printing   seems   to   have   superseded   the   art   of   the   illuminator   more
  promptly and completely in England than on the Continent。                       The dames
  galantes   of   Brantome's   memoirs   took   pleasure   in   illuminated   Books   of
  Hours;   suited   to   the   nature   of   their   devotions。   As   late   as   the   time   of
  Louis   XIV。;   Bussy   Rabutin   had   a   volume   of   the   same   kind;   illuminated
  with   portraits   of   〃saints;〃   of   his   own   canonisation。   The   most   famous   of
  these   modern   examples   of   costly   MSS。   was   〃La   Guirlande   de   Julie;〃   a
  collection      of  madrigals      by   various    courtly    hands;    presented     to   the
  illustrious     Julie;   daughter      of   the   Marquise       de   Rambouillet;       most
  distinguished