第 11 节
作者:爱之冰点      更新:2021-02-19 17:04      字数:9320
  electrocution   would   be   a   simple;   merciful   solution          of   this   problem   of
  elimination; but the ruling ethics; while permitting the human waste; will
  not permit a humane elimination of that waste。 This paradox demonstrates
  the irreconcilability of theoretical ethics and industrial need。
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  And so the tramp becomes self…eliminating。 And not only self! Since
  he   is   manifestly   unfit   for   things   as   they   are;   and   since   kind   is   prone   to
  beget kind; it is necessary that his kind cease with him; that his progeny
  shall not be; that he play the eunuch's part in this twentieth century after
  Christ。 And he plays it。 He does not breed。 Sterility is his portion; as it is
  the portion of the woman on the street。 They might have been mates; but
  society has decreed otherwise。
  And; while it is not nice that these men should die; it is ordained that
  they  must   die;   and   we   should   not   quarrel   with   them  if   they  cumber   our
  highways and kitchen stoops with their perambulating carcasses。 This is a
  form of elimination we not only countenance but compel。 Therefore let us
  be cheerful and honest about it。 Let us be as stringent as we please with
  our police regulations; but for goodness' sake let us refrain from telling the
  tramp to go to work。 Not only is it unkind; but it is untrue and hypocritical。
  We know there is no work for him。 As the scapegoat to our economic and
  industrial sinning; or to the plan of things; if you will; we should give him
  credit。 Let us be just。 He is so made。 Society made him。 He did not make
  himself。
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  THE SCAB
  In a competitive society; where men struggle with one another for food
  and shelter; what is more natural than that generosity; when it diminishes
  the food and shelter of men other than he who is generous; should be held
  an   accursed   thing?   Wise   old   saws   to   the   contrary;   he   who   takes   from   a
  man's purse takes from his existence。 To strike at a man's food and shelter
  is to strike at his life; and in a society organized on a tooth…and…nail basis;
  such an act; performed though it may be under the guise of generosity; is
  none the less menacing and terrible。
  It   is   for   this   reason   that   a   laborer   is   so   fiercely   hostile   to   another
  laborer who offers to work for less pay or longer hours。 To hold his place;
  (which   is   to   live);   he   must   offset   this   offer   by   another   equally   liberal;
  which is equivalent to giving away somewhat from the food and shelter he
  enjoys。 To sell his day's work for 2; instead of 2。50; means that he; his
  wife;  and   his   children   will   not have   so   good   a   roof   over their heads;  so
  warm clothes on their backs; so substantial food in their stomachs。 Meat
  will be bought   less   frequently  and it will   be   tougher   and less nutritious;
  stout new shoes will go less often on the children's feet; and disease and
  death will be more imminent in a cheaper house and neighborhood。
  Thus the generous laborer; giving more of a day's work for less return;
  (measured   in   terms   of   food   and   shelter);   threatens   the   life   of   his   less
  generous brother laborer; and at the best; if he does not destroy that life; he
  diminishes it。 Whereupon the less generous laborer looks upon him as an
  enemy; and; as men are inclined to do in a tooth…and…nail society; he tries
  to kill the man who is trying to kill him。
  When a striker kills with a brick the man who has taken his place; he
  has no sense of wrong…doing。 In the deepest holds of his being; though he
  does not reason the impulse; he has an ethical sanction。 He feels dimly that
  he   has   justification;   just   as   the   home…defending   Boer   felt;   though   more
  sharply;   with   each   bullet   he   fired   at   the   invading   English。   Behind   every
  brick thrown by a striker  is the selfish will 〃to   live〃 of himself; and  the
  slightly altruistic will 〃to live〃 of his family。 The family group came into
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  the world before the State group; and society; being still on the primitive
  basis of tooth and nail; the will 〃to live〃 of the State is not so compelling
  to the striker as is the will 〃to live〃 of his family and himself。
  In addition to the use of bricks; clubs; and bullets; the selfish laborer
  finds   it   necessary   to   express   his   feelings   in   speech。   Just   as   the   peaceful
  country…dweller calls the sea…rover a 〃pirate;〃 and the stout burgher calls
  the man who breaks into his strong…box a 〃robber;〃 so the selfish laborer
  applies the opprobrious epithet a 〃scab〃 to the laborer who takes from him
  food and shelter by being more generous in the disposal of his labor power。
  The sentimental connotation of 〃scab〃 is as terrific as that of 〃traitor〃 or
  〃Judas;〃 and a sentimental definition would be as deep and varied as the
  human   heart。   It   is   far   easier   to   arrive   at   what   may  be   called   a   technical
  definition; worded in commercial terms; as; for instance; that A SCAB IS
  ONE   WHO   GIVES   MORE   VALUE   FOR   THE   SAME   PRICE   THAN
  ANOTHER。
  The laborer who gives more time or strength or skill for the same wage
  than another; or equal time or strength or skill for a less wage; is a scab。
  This    generousness      on   his   part  is  hurtful   to  his  fellow…laborers;      for  it
  compels them to an equal generousness which is not to their liking; and
  which gives them less of food and shelter。 But a word may be said for the
  scab。 Just as his act makes his rivals compulsorily generous; so do they; by
  fortune of birth and training; make compulsory his act of generousness。 He
  does     not  scab   because     he   wants    to  scab。   No   whim     of  the   spirit;  no
  burgeoning of the heart; leads him to give more of his labor power than
  they for a certain sum。
  It is because he cannot get work on the same terms as they that he is a
  scab。 There is less work than there are men to do work。 This is patent; else
  the   scab   would   not   loom  so   large   on   the   labor…market   horizon。   Because
  they    are   stronger    than   he;   or  more    skilled;   or   more    energetic;    it  is
  impossible   for   him   to   take   their   places   at   the   same   wage。   To   take   their
  places   he   must   give   more   value;   must   work   longer   hours   or   receive   a
  smaller wage。 He does so; and he cannot help it; for his will 〃to live〃 is
  driving him on as well as they are being driven on by their will 〃to live〃;
  and    to  live   he  must    win   food   and   shelter;   which    he   can   do  only    by
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  receiving permission to work from some man who owns a bit of land or a
  piece   of   machinery。  And   to   receive   permission   from   this   man;   he   must
  make the transaction profitable for him。
  Viewed   in   this   light;   the   scab;   who   gives   more   labor   power   for   a
  certain price than his fellows; is not so generous after all。 He is no more
  generous   with   his   energy   than   the   chattel   slave   and   the   convict   laborer;
  who; by the way; are the almost perfect scabs。 They give their labor power
  for  about   the   minimum  possible price。   But;  within   limits;   they  may   loaf
  and   malinger;   and;   as   scabs;   are   exceeded   by   the   machine;   which   never
  loafs and malingers and which is the ideally perfect scab。
  It is not nice to be a scab。 Not only is it not in good social taste and
  comradeship;        but;   from    the   standpoint     of  food    and    shelter;   it  is  bad
  business      policy。   Nobody      desires    to  scab;   to   give   most    for  least。   The
  ambition of every individual is quite the opposite; to give least for most;
  and; as a result; living in a tooth…and…nail society; battle royal is waged by
  the    ambitious     individuals。     But    in  its  most    salient   aspect;    that  of   the
  struggle   over   the   division   of   the   joint   product;   it   is   no   longer   a   battle
  between individuals; but between groups of individuals。 Capital and labor
  apply themselves to raw material; make something useful out of it; add to
  its value; and then proceed to quarrel over the division of the added value。
  Neither cares t