第 8 节
作者:爱之冰点      更新:2021-02-19 17:04      字数:9322
  remains   to   be   established   the   economic   necessity   for   the   surplus   labor
  army。  The   simplest   and   most   obvious   need   is   that   brought   about   by   the
  fluctuation of production。 If; when production is at low ebb; all men are at
  work; it necessarily follows that when production increases there will be
  no men to do the increased work。 This may seem almost childish; and; if
  not childish; at least easily remedied。 At low ebb let the men work shorter
  time; at high flood let them work overtime。 The main objection to this is;
  that it is not done; and that we are considering what is; not what might be
  or should be。
  Then there are great irregular and periodical demands for labor which
  must     be   met。    Under     the   first  head    come     all  the   big    building    and
  engineering       enterprises。    When     a  canal    is  to  be  dug    or  a  railroad    put
  through; requiring thousands of laborers; it would be hurtful to withdraw
  these laborers from the constant industries。 And whether it is a canal to be
  dug or a cellar; whether five thousand men are required or five; it is well;
  in society as at present organized; that they be taken from the surplus labor
  army。 The surplus labor army is the reserve fund of social energy; and this
  is one of the reasons for its existence。
  Under      the   second     head;    periodical    demands;       come     the   harvests。
  Throughout   the   year;   huge   labor   tides   sweep   back   and   forth   across   the
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  United   States。   That   which   is   sown   and   tended   by   few   men;   comes   to
  sudden ripeness and must be gathered by many men; and it is inevitable
  that   these   many   men   form   floating   populations。   In   the   late   spring   the
  berries must be picked; in the summer the grain garnered; in the fall; the
  hops   gathered;   in   the   winter   the   ice  harvested。   In   California   a   man   may
  pick berries in Siskiyou; peaches in Santa Clara; grapes in the San Joaquin;
  and oranges in Los Angeles; going from job to job as the season advances;
  and   travelling   a   thousand   miles   ere   the   season   is   done。   But   the   great
  demand for agricultural labor is in the summer。 In the winter; work is slack;
  and these floating populations eddy into the cities to eke out a precarious
  existence   and   harrow   the   souls   of   the   police   officers   until   the   return   of
  warm weather and work。 If there were constant work at good wages for
  every man; who would harvest the crops?
  But   the   last   and   most    significant   need     for   the  surplus   labor     army
  remains to be stated。 This surplus labor acts as a check upon all employed
  labor。 It is the lash by which the masters hold the workers to their tasks; or
  drive   them   back   to   their   tasks   when   they   have   revolted。   It   is   the   goad
  which   forces   the   workers   into   the   compulsory   〃free   contracts〃   against
  which they now and again rebel。 There is only one reason under the sun
  that strikes fail; and that is because there are always plenty of men to take
  the strikers' places。
  The     strength    of  the   union    today;    other   things    remaining      equal;   is
  proportionate to the skill of the trade; or; in other words; proportionate to
  the pressure the surplus labor army can put upon it。 If a thousand ditch…
  diggers strike; it is easy to replace them; wherefore the ditch…diggers have
  little   or   no   organized   strength。   But   a   thousand   highly   skilled   machinists
  are somewhat harder to replace; and in consequence the machinist unions
  are strong。 The ditch…diggers are wholly at the mercy of the surplus labor
  army;   the   machinists   only   partly。   To   be   invincible;   a   union   must   be   a
  monopoly。 It must control every man in its particular trade; and regulate
  apprentices so   that   the  supply  of   skilled   workmen   may  remain   constant;
  this is the dream of the 〃Labor Trust〃 on the part of the captains of labor。
  Once;   in   England;   after   the   Great   Plague;   labor   awoke   to   find   there
  was more work for men than there were men to work。 Instead of workers
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  competing       for  favors   from    employers;     employers      were    competing     for
  favors from the workers。 Wages went up and up; and continued to go up;
  until the workers demanded the full product of their toil。 Now it is clear
  that; when labor receives its full product capital must perish。 And so the
  pygmy capitalists of that post…Plague day found their existence threatened
  by   this   untoward     condition    of  affairs。   To  save   themselves;      they   set  a
  maximum wage; restrained the workers from moving about from place to
  place;   smashed   incipient   organization;   refused   to   tolerate   idlers;   and   by
  most barbarous legal penalties punished those who disobeyed。 After that;
  things went on as before。
  The point of this; of course; is to demonstrate the need of the surplus
  labor army。 Without such an army; our present capitalist society would be
  powerless。 Labor would organize as it never organized before; and the last
  least   worker   would   be   gathered   into   the unions。 The  full   product   of   toil
  would     be   demanded;      and   capitalist   society   would     crumble    away。    Nor
  could capitalist society save itself as did the post…Plague capitalist society。
  The     time   is  past   when    a   handful    of  masters;    by   imprisonment       and
  barbarous punishment; can drive the legions of the workers to their tasks。
  Without a surplus labor army; the courts; police; and military are impotent。
  In   such    matters   the   function    of  the  courts;   police;   and   military    is  to
  preserve order; and to fill the places of strikers with surplus labor。 If there
  be no surplus labor to instate; there is no function to perform; for disorder
  arises only during the process of instatement; when the striking labor army
  and   the   surplus    labor   army   clash    together。   That   is   to  say;  that  which
  maintains the integrity of the present industrial society more potently than
  the courts; police; and military is the surplus labor army。
  It has been shown that there are more men than there is work for men;
  and that the surplus labor army is an economic necessity。 To show how the
  tramp is a by…product of this economic necessity; it is necessary to inquire
  into the composition of the surplus labor army。 What men form it? Why
  are they there? What do they do?
  In the first place; since the workers must compete for employment; it
  inevitably follows that it is the fit and efficient who find employment。 The
  skilled worker holds his place by virtue of his skill and efficiency。 Were he
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  less skilled; or were he unreliable or erratic; he would be swiftly replaced
  by   a   stronger   competitor。   The   skilled   and   steady   employments   are   not
  cumbered with clowns and idiots。 A man finds his place according to his
  ability and the needs of the system; and those without ability; or incapable
  of    satisfying    the  needs    of   the  system;     have   no   place。   Thus;    the   poor
  telegrapher may develop into an excellent wood…chopper。 But if the poor
  telegrapher cherishes the delusion that he is a good telegrapher; and at the
  same time disdains all other employments; he will have no employment at
  all; or he will be so poor at all other employments that he will work only
  now   and   again   in   lieu   of   better   men。   He   will   be   among   the   first   let   off
  when times are dull; and among the last taken on when times are good。 Or;
  to the point; he will be a member of the surplus labor army。
  So the conclusion is reached that the less fit and less efficient; or the
  unfit and inefficient; compose the surplus labor army。 Here are to be found
  the   men   who   have   tried   and   failed;   the   men   who   cannot   hold   jobs;the
  plumber apprentice who could not become a journeyman; and the plumber
  journeyman   too   clumsy   and   dull   to   retain   employment;   switchmen   who
  wreck   trains;   clerks   who   cannot   balance   books;   blacksmiths   who   lame
  horses; lawyers who cannot plead; in short; the failures of every trade and
  profession; and failures; many of   them; in divers trades and   professions。
  Failure   is   writ   large;   and   in   their