第 2 节
作者:竹水冷      更新:2021-02-19 00:59      字数:9322
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  THE SOUL OF THE INDIAN
  literally    〃mysterious      feeling;〃    which     has    been    variously     translated
  〃fasting〃 and 〃dreaming。〃 It may better be interpreted as 〃consciousness of
  the divine。〃
  The first bambeday; or religious retreat; marked an epoch in the life of
  the youth; which may be compared to that of confirmation or conversion
  in Christian experience。         Having first prepared himself by means of the
  purifying vapor…bath; and cast off as far as possible all human or fleshly
  influences;      the  young     man    sought    out   the   noblest    height;   the   most
  commanding   summit   in   all   the   surrounding   region。         Knowing   that   God
  sets   no   value   upon   material   things;   he   took   with   him   no   offerings   or
  sacrifices     other   than    symbolic     objects;   such    as   paints   and    tobacco。
  Wishing to appear before Him in all humility; he wore no clothing save his
  moccasins and breech…clout。            At the solemn hour of sunrise or sunset he
  took up his position; overlooking the glories of earth and facing the 〃Great
  Mystery;〃   and   there   he   remained;   naked;   erect;   silent;   and   motionless;
  exposed to the elements and forces of His arming; for a night and a day to
  two   days   and   nights;   but   rarely   longer。    Sometimes   he   would   chant   a
  hymn without words; or offer the ceremonial 〃filled pipe。〃                    In this holy
  trance   or   ecstasy   the   Indian   mystic   found   his   highest   happiness   and   the
  motive power of his existence。
  When he returned to the camp; he must remain at a distance until he
  had again entered the vapor…bath and prepared himself for intercourse with
  his fellows。      Of the vision or sign vouchsafed to   him he   did not   speak;
  unless it had included some commission which must be publicly fulfilled。
  Sometimes an old man; standing upon the brink of eternity; might reveal to
  a chosen few the oracle of his long…past youth。
  The     native   American      has   been    generally     despised    by   his   white
  conquerors for his poverty and simplicity。              They forget; perhaps; that his
  religion forbade the accumulation of wealth and the enjoyment of luxury。
  To    him;   as  to  other   single…minded       men    in  every   age   and   race;   from
  Diogenes   to   the   brothers   of   Saint    Francis;   from   the   Montanists   to   the
  Shakers; the love of possessions has appeared a snare; and the burdens of a
  complex society a source of needless peril and temptation。                   Furthermore;
  it was the rule of his life to share the fruits of his skill and success with his
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  less fortunate brothers。       Thus he kept his spirit free from the clog of pride;
  cupidity;   or   envy;   and   carried   out;   as   he   believed;   the   divine   decreea
  matter profoundly important to him。
  It was not; then; wholly from ignorance or improvidence that he failed
  to establish permanent towns and to develop a material civilization。                     To
  the untutored sage; the concentration of population was the prolific mother
  of   all   evils;   moral   no   less   than   physical。 He   argued   that   food   is   good;
  while surfeit kills; that love is good; but lust destroys; and not less dreaded
  than the pestilence following upon crowded and unsanitary dwellings was
  the loss of spiritual   power inseparable from too   close contact with one's
  fellow…men。       All who have lived much out of doors know that there is a
  magnetic      and   nervous     force   that  accumulates      in  solitude    and   that   is
  quickly     dissipated     by   life  in  a  crowd;     and   even    his   enemies     have
  recognized the fact that for a certain innate power and self…poise; wholly
  independent of circumstances; the American Indian is unsurpassed among
  men。
  The red man divided mind into two parts;the spiritual mind and the
  physical mind。        The first is pure spirit; concerned only with the essence
  of things; and it was this he sought to strengthen by spiritual prayer; during
  which the body is subdued by fasting and hardship。                 In this type of prayer
  there   was   no   beseeching   of   favor   or   help。   All   matters   of   personal   or
  selfish concern; as success in hunting or warfare; relief from sickness; or
  the sparing of a beloved life; were definitely relegated to the plane of the
  lower     or  material    mind;    and   all  ceremonies;      charms;    or   incantations
  designed   to   secure   a   benefit   or   to   avert   a   danger;   were   recognized   as
  emanating from the physical self。
  The rites of this physical worship; again; were wholly symbolic; and
  the Indian no more worshiped the Sun than the Christian adores the Cross。
  The Sun and the Earth; by an obvious parable; holding scarcely more of
  poetic metaphor than of scientific truth; were in his view the parents of all
  organic     life。   From      the   Sun;   as   the   universal    father;   proceeds     the
  quickening principle in nature; and in the patient and fruitful womb of our
  mother; the Earth; are hidden embryos of plants and men。                   Therefore our
  reverence   and   love   for   them  was   really  an   imaginative   extension   of   our
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  love for our immediate parents; and with this sentiment of filial piety was
  joined a willingness to appeal to them; as to a father; for such good gifts as
  we may desire。        This is the material or physical prayer。
  The  elements   and   majestic   forces   in   nature;  Lightning; Wind; Water;
  Fire;  and   Frost;   were   regarded   with   awe   as   spiritual   powers;   but   always
  secondary       and   intermediate      in  character。    We     believed     that  the   spirit
  pervades   all   creation   and   that   every   creature   possesses   a   soul   in   some
  degree;  though   not necessarily  a  soul   conscious   of itself。           The  tree;   the
  waterfall;   the   grizzly   bear;   each   is   an   embodied   Force;   and   as   such   an
  object of reverence。
  The   Indian   loved   to   come   into   sympathy   and   spiritual   communion
  with his brothers of the animal kingdom; whose inarticulate souls had for
  him something of the sinless purity that we attribute to the innocent and
  irresponsible   child。      He   had   faith   in   their   instincts;   as   in   a   mysterious
  wisdom given from above; and while he humbly accepted the supposedly
  voluntary sacrifice of their bodies to preserve his own; he paid homage to
  their spirits in prescribed prayers and offerings。
  In every religion there is an element of the supernatural; varying with
  the influence of pure reason over its devotees。                The Indian was a logical
  and clear thinker upon matters within the scope of his understanding; but
  he had not yet charted the vast field of nature or expressed her wonders in
  terms of science。        With his limited knowledge of cause and effect; he saw
  miracles on every hand;the miracle of life in seed and egg; the miracle of
  death     in  lightning     flash   and   in  the   swelling     deep!    Nothing       of  the
  marvelous   could   astonish   him;   as   that   a   beast   should   speak;   or   the   sun
  stand   still。     The   virgin   birth   would   appear   scarcely   more   miraculous
  than is the birth of every child that comes into the world; or the miracle of
  the   loaves   and   fishes   excite   more   wonder   than   the   harvest   that   springs
  from a single ear of corn。
  Who may condemn his superstition?                 Surely not the devout Catholic;
  or even Protestant missionary; who teaches Bible miracles as literal fact!
  The logical man must either deny all miracles or none; and our American
  Indian myths and hero stories are perhaps; in themselves; quite as credible
  as those of the Hebrews of old。              If we are of the modern type of mind;
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  that sees in natural law a majesty and grandeur far more impressive than
  any solitary infraction of it could possibly be; let us not forget that; after
  all;   science    has   not   explained     everything。      We     have    still  to  face   the
  ultimate   miracle;the   origin   and   principle   of   life!      Here   is   the   supreme
  mystery   that   is   the   es