its　advantages　would　still　accrue　to　the　ruling　race。　　For　nothing
  could　be　more　natural　or　more　easyas　more　than　one　legend
  intimatesthan　that　the　king　should　extort　the　new　secret　from　his
  subject；　and　then　put　him　to　death　to　prevent　any　further　publicity。
  Two　great　inventive　geniuses　we　may　see　dimly　through　the　abysses　of
  the　past；　both　of　whom　must　have　become　in　their　time　great　chiefs；
  founders　of　mighty　aristocraciesit　may　be；　worshipped　after　their
  death　as　gods。
  The　first；　who　seems　to　have　existed　after　the　age　in　which　the
  black　race　colonised　Australia；　must　have　been　surely　a　man　worthy
  to　hold　rank　with　our　Brindleys；　Watts；　and　Stephensons。　　For　he
  invented　（and　mind；　one　man　must　have　invented　the　thing　first；　and
  by　the　very　nature　of　it；　invented　it　all　at　once）　an　instrument　so
  singular；　unexpected；　unlike　anything　to　be　seen　in　nature；　that　I
  wonder　it　has　not　been　called；　like　the　plough；　the　olive；　or　the
  vine；　a　gift　of　the　immortal　gods：　　and　yet　an　instrument　so　simple；
  so　easy；　and　so　perfect；　that　it　spread　over　all　races　in　Europe　and
  America；　and　no　substitute　could　be　found　for　it　till　the　latter
  part　of　the　fifteenth　century。　　Yes；　a　great　genius　was　he；　and　the
  consequent　founder　of　a　great　aristocracy　and　conquering　race；　who
  first　invented　for　himself　and　his　children　after　him　abow　and
  arrow。
  The　nextwhether　before　or　after　the　first　in　time；　it　suits　me　to
  speak　of　him　in　second　placewas　the　man　who　was　the　potential
  ancestor　of　the　whole　Ritterschaft；　Chivalry；　and　knightly　caste　of
  Europe；　the　man　who　first；　finding　a　foal　upon　the　steppe；　deserted
  by　its　dam；　brought　it　home；　and　reared　it；　and　then　bethought　him
  of　the　happy　notion　of　making　it　drawpresumably　by　its　taila
  fashion　which　endured　long　in　Ireland；　and　had　to　be　forbidden　by
  law；　I　think　as　late　as　the　sixteenth　century。　　A　great　aristocrat
  must　that　man　have　become。　　A　greater　still　he　who　first　substituted
  the　bit　for　the　halter。　　A　greater　still　he　who　first　thought　of
  wheels。　　A　greater　still　he　who　conceived　the　yoke　and　pole　for
  bearing　up　his　chariot；　for　that　same　yoke；　and　pole；　and　chariot；
  became　the　peculiar　instrument　of　conquerors　like　him　who　mightily
  oppressed　the　children　of　Israel；　for　he　had　nine　hundred　chariots
  of　iron。　　Egyptians；　Syrians；　Assyrians；　Greeks；　Romansnone　of
  them　improved　on　the　form　of　the　conquering　biga；　till　it　was　given
  up　by　a　race　who　preferred　a　pair　of　shafts　to　their　carts；　and　who
  had　learnt　to　ride　instead　of　drive。　　A　great　aristocrat；　again；
  must　he　have　been　among　those　latter　races　who　first　conceived　the
  notion　of　getting　on　his　horse's　back；　accommodating　his　motions　to
  the　beast's；　and　becoming　a　centaur；　half…man；　half…horse。　　That
  invention　must　have　tended；　in　the　first　instance；　as　surely　toward
  democracy　as　did　the　invention　of　firearms。　　A　tribe　of　riders　must
  have　been　always；　more　or　less；　equal　and　free。　　Equal　because　a　man
  on　a　horse　would　feel　himself　a　man　indeed；　because　the　art　of
  riding　called　out　an　independence；　a　self…help；　a　skill；　a
  consciousness　of　power；　a　personal　pride　and　vanity；　which　would
  defy　slavery。　　Free；　because　a　tribe　of　riders　might　be　defeated；
  exterminated；　but　never　enchained。　　They　could　never　become　gleboe
  adscripti；　bound　to　the　soil；　as　long　as　they　could　take　horse　and
  saddle；　and　away。　　History　gives　us　more　than　one　glimpse　of　such
  tribesthe　scourge　and　terror　of　the　non…riding　races　with　whom
  they　came　in　contact。　　Some；　doubtless；　remember　how　in　the　wars
  between　Alfred　and　the　Danes；　〃the　army〃　（the　Scandinavian　invaders）
  again　and　again　horse　themselves；　steal　away　by　night　from　the　Saxon
  infantry；　and　ride　over　the　land　（whether　in　England　or　in　France）；
  〃doing　unspeakable　evil。〃　　To　that　special　instinct　of　horsemanship；
  which　still　distinguishes　their　descendants；　we　may　attribute　mainly
  the　Scandinavian　settlement　of　the　north　and　east　of　England。　　Some；
  too；　may　recollect　the　sketch　of　the　primeval　Hun；　as　he　first
  appeared　to　the　astonished　and　disgusted　old　Roman　soldier　Ammianus
  Marcellinus；　the　visages　〃more　like　cakes　than　faces；〃　the　〃figures
  like　those　which　are　hewn　out　with　an　axe　on　the　poles　at　bridge…
  ends；〃　the　rat…skin　coats；　which　they　wore　till　they　rotted　off
  their　limbs；　their　steaks　of　meat　cooked　between　the　saddle　and　the
  thigh；　the　little　horses　on　which　〃they　eat　and　drink；　buy　and　sell；
  and　sleep　lying　forward　along　his　narrow　neck；　and　indulging　in
  every　variety　of　dream。〃　　And　over　and　above；　and　more　important
  politically；　the　common　councils　〃held　on　horseback；　under　the
  authority　of　no　king；　but　content　with　the　irregular　government　of
  nobles；　under　whose　leading　they　force　their　way　through　all
  obstacles。〃　　A　racelike　those　Cossacks　who　are　probably　their
  lineal　descendantsto　be　feared；　to　be　hired；　to　be　petted；　but　not
  to　be　conquered。
  Instances　nearer　home　of　free　equestrian　races　we　have　in　our　own
  English　borderers；　among　whom　（as　Mr。　Froude　says）　the　farmers　and
  their　farm…servants　had　but　to　snatch　their　arms　and　spring　into
  their　saddles　and　they　became　at　once　the　Northern　Horse；　famed　as
  the　finest　light　cavalry　in　the　world。　　And　equal　to　themsuperior
  even；　if　we　recollect　that　they　preserved　their　country's　freedom
  for　centuries　against　the　superior　force　of　Englandwere　those
  troops　of　Scots　who；　century　after　century；　swept　across　the　border
  on　their　little　garrons；　their　bag　of　oatmeal　hanging　by　the　saddle；
  with　the　iron　griddle　whereon　to　bake　it；　careless　of　weather　and　of
  danger；　men　too　swift　to　be　exterminated；　too　independent　to　be
  enslaved。
  But　if　horsemanship　had；　in　these　cases；　a　levelling　tendency　it
  would　have　the　very　opposite　when　a　riding　tribe　conquered　a　non…
  riding　one。　　The　conquerors　would；　as　much　as　possible；　keep　the　art
  and　mystery　of　horsemanship　hereditary　among　themselves；　and　become
  a　Ritterschaft　or　chivalrous　caste。　　And　they　would　be　able　to　do
  so：　　because　the　conquered　race　would　not　care　or　dare　to　learn　the
  new　and　dangerous　art。　　There　are　persons；　even　in　England；　who　can
  never　learn　to　ride。　　There　are　whole　populations　in　Europe；　even
  now；　when　races　have　become　almost　indistinguishably　mixed；　who　seem
  unable　to　learn。　　And　this　must　have　been　still　more　the　case　when
  the　races　were　more　strongly　separated　in　blood　and　habits。　　So　the
  Teutonic　chief；　with　his　gesitha；　comites；　or　select　band　of
  knights；　who　had　received　from　him；　as　Tacitus　has　it；　the　war…horse
  and　the　lance；　established　himself　as　the　natural　rulerand
  oppressorof　the　non…riding　populations；　first　over　the　aborigines
  of　Germany　proper；　tribes　who　seem　to　have　been　enslaved；　and　their
  names　lost；　before　the　time　of　Tacitus；　and　then　over　the　non…riding
  Romans　and　Gauls　to　the　South　and　West；　and　the　Wendish　and
  Sclavonic　tribes　to　the　East。　　Very　few　in　numbers；　but　mighty　in
  their　unequalled　capacity　of　body　and　mind；　and　in　their　terrible
  horsemanship；　the　Teutonic　Ritterschaft　literally　rode　roughshod
  over　the　old　world；　never　checked；　but　when　they　came　in　contact
  with　the　free…riding　hordes　of　the　Eastern　steppes；　and　so
  established　an　equestrian　caste；　of　which　the　＇Greek　text＇　of　Athens
  and　the　Equites　of　Rome　had　been　only　hints　ending　in　failure　and
  absorption。
  Of　that　equestrian　caste　the　symbol　was　the　horse。　　The　favourite；
  and　therefore　the　chosen　sacrifice　of　Odin；　their　ancestor　and　God；
  the　horse's　flesh　was　eaten　at　the　sacrificial　meal；　the　horse's
  head；　hung　on　the　ash　in　Odin's　wood；　gave　forth　oracular　responses。
  As　Christianity　came　in；　and　the　eating　of　horse…flesh　was　forbidden
  as　impiety　by　the　Church；　while　his　oracles　dwindled　down　to　such　as
  that　which　Falada's　dead　head　gives　to　the　goose…girl　in　the　German
  tale；　the　magic　power　of　the　horse　figured　only　in　ballads　and
  legends：　　but　his　real　power　remained。
  The　art　of　riding　became　an　hereditary　and　exclusive　scienceat
  last　a　pedantry；　hampered　by　absurd　etiquettes；　and　worse　than
  useless　traditions；　but　the　power　and　right　to　ride　remained　on　the
  whole　the　mark　of　the　dominant　caste。　　Terribly　did　they　often　abuse
  that　special　power。　　The　faculty　of　making　a　horse　carry　him　no　more
  makes　a　man　a　good　man；　than　the　faculties　of　making　money；　making
  speeches；　making　books；　or　making　a　noise　about　public　abuses。　　And
  of　all　ruffians；　the　worst；　if　history　is　to　be　trusted；　is　the
  ruffian　on　a　horse；　to　whose　brutality　of　mind　is　superadded　the
  brute　power　of　his　beast。　　A　ruffian　on　a　horsewhat　is　there　that
  he　will　not　ride　over；　and　ride　on；　careless　and　proud　of　his　own
  shame？　　When　the　ancient　chivalry　of　France　descended　to　that　level；
  or　rather　delegated　their　functions　to　mercenaries　of　that　level
  when　the　knightly　hosts　who　fought　before　Jerusalem　allowed
  themselves　to　be　superseded　by　the　dragoons　and　dragonnades　of　Louis
  XIV。then　the　end　of　the　French　chiv