prohibited　the　bringing　of　slaves　from　Africa　into　the
  Mississippi　Territory；　this　Territory　then　comprising　what　are
  now　the　States　of　Mississippi　and　Alabama。　　This　was　ten　years
  before　they　had　the　authority　to　do　the　same　thing　as　to　the
  States　existing　at　the　adoption　of　the　Constitution。　　In　1800
  they　prohibited　American　citizens　from　trading　in　slaves　between
  foreign　countries；　as；　for　instance；　from　Africa　to　Brazil。　　In
  1803　they　passed　a　law　in　aid　of　one　or　two　slave…State　laws　in
  restraint　of　the　internal　slave　trade。　　In　1807；　in　apparent　hot
  haste；　they　passed　the　law；　nearly　a　year　in　advance；to　take
  effect　the　first　day　of　1808；　the　very　first　day　the　Constitution
  would　permit；　prohibiting　the　African　slave　trade　by　heavy
  pecuniary　and　corporal　penalties。　　In　1820；　finding　these
  provisions　ineffectual；　they　declared　the　slave　trade　piracy；　and
  annexed　to　it　the　extreme　penalty　of　death。　　While　all　this　was
  passing　in　the　General　Government；　five　or　six　of　the　original
  slave　States　had　adopted　systems　of　gradual　emancipation；　by
  which　the　institution　was　rapidly　becoming　extinct　within　their
  limits。　　Thus　we　see　that　the　plain；　unmistakable　spirit　of　that
  age　toward　slavery　was　hostility　to　the　principle　and　toleration
  only　by　necessity。
  But　now　it　is　to　be　transformed　into　a　〃sacred　right。〃　Nebraska
  brings　it　forth；　places　it　on　the　highroad　to　extension　and
  perpetuity；　and　with　a　pat　on　its　back　says　to　it；　〃Go；　and　God
  speed　you。〃　Henceforth　it　is　to　be　the　chief　jewel　of　the　nation
  the　very　figure…head　of　the　ship　of　state。　　Little　by　little；　but
  steadily　as　man's　march　to　the　grave；　we　have　been　giving　up　the
  old　for　the　new　faith。　　Near　eighty　years　ago　we　began　by
  declaring　that　all　men　are　created　equal；　but　now　from　that
  beginning　we　have　run　down　to　the　other　declaration；　that　for
  some　men　to　enslave　others　is　a　〃sacred　right　of　self…
  government。〃　These　principles　cannot　stand　together。　　They　are　as
  opposite　as　God　and　Mammon；　and　who　ever　holds　to　the　one　must
  despise　the　other。　　When　Pettit；　in　connection　with　his　support
  of　the　Nebraska　Bill；　called　the　Declaration　of　Independence　〃a
  self…evident　lie；〃　he　only　did　what　consistency　and　candor
  require　all　other　Nebraska　men　to　do。　　Of　the　forty…odd　Nebraska
  senators　who　sat　present　and　heard　him；　no　one　rebuked　him。　　Nor
  am　I　apprised　that　any　Nebraska　newspaper；　or　any　Nebraska
  orator；　in　the　whole　nation　has　ever　yet　rebuked　him。　　If　this
  had　been　said　among　Marion's　men；　Southerners　though　they　were；
  what　would　have　become　of　the　man　who　said　it？　　If　this　had　been
  said　to　the　men　who　captured　Andre；　the　man　who　said　it　would
  probably　have　been　hung　sooner　than　Andre　was。　　If　it　had　been
  said　in　old　Independence　Hall　seventy…eight　years　ago；　the　very
  doorkeeper　would　have　throttled　the　man　and　thrust　him　into　the
  street。　　Let　no　one　be　deceived。　　The　spirit　of　seventy…six　and
  the　spirit　of　Nebraska　are　utter　antagonisms；　and　the　former　is
  being　rapidly　displaced　by　the　latter。
  Fellow…countrymen；　Americans；　South　as　well　as　North；　shall　we
  make　no　effort　to　arrest　this？　　Already　the　liberal　party
  throughout　the　world　express　the　apprehension　that　〃the　one
  retrograde　institution　in　America　is　undermining　the　principles
  of　progress；　and　fatally　violating　the　noblest　political　system
  the　world　ever　saw。〃　This　is　not　the　taunt　of　enemies；　but　the
  warning　of　friends。　　Is　it　quite　safe　to　disregard　itto　despise
  it？　　Is　there　no　danger　to　liberty　itself　in　discarding　the
  earliest　practice　and　first　precept　of　our　ancient　faith？　　In　our
  greedy　chase　to　make　profit　of　the　negro；　let　us　beware　lest　we
  〃cancel　and　tear　in　pieces〃　even　the　white　man's　charter　of
  freedom。
  Our　republican　robe　is　soiled　and　trailed　in　the　dust。　　Let　us
  repurify　it。　　Let　us　turn　and　wash　it　white　in　the　spirit；　if　not
  the　blood；　of　the　Revolution。　　Let　us　turn　slavery　from　its
  claims　of　〃moral　right；；　back　upon　its　existing　legal　rights　and
  its　arguments　of　〃necessity。〃　Let　us　return　it　to　the　position
  our　fathers　gave　it；　and　there　let　it　rest　in　peace。　　Let　us
  readopt　the　Declaration　of　Independence；　and　with　it　the
  practices　and　policy　which　harmonize　with　it。　　Let　North　and
  South；　let　all　Americanslet　all　lovers　of　liberty　everywhere
  join　in　the　great　and　good　work。　　If　we　do　this；　we　shall　not
  only　have　saved　the　Union；　but　we　shall　have　so　saved　it　as　to
  make　and　to　keep　it　forever　worthy　of　the　saving。　　We　shall　have
  so　saved　it　that　the　succeeding　millions　of　free　happy　people　the
  world　over　shall　rise　up　and　call　us　blessed　to　the　latest
  generations。
  At　Springfield；　twelve　days　ago；　where　I　had　spoken　substantially
  as　I　have　here；　Judge　Douglas　replied　to　me；　and　as　he　is　to
  reply　to　me　here；　I　shall　attempt　to　anticipate　him　by　noticing
  some　of　the　points　he　made　there。　　He　commenced　by　stating　I　had
  assumed　all　the　way　through　that　the　principle　of　the　Nebraska
  Bill　would　have　the　effect　of　extending　slavery。　　He　denied　that
  this　was　intended　or　that　this　effect　would　follow。
  I　will　not　reopen　the　argument　upon　this　point。　　That　such　was
  the　intention　the　world　believed　at　the　start；　and　will　continue
  to　believe。　　This　was　the　countenance　of　the　thing；　and　both
  friends　and　enemies　instantly　recognized　it　as　such。　　That
  countenance　cannot　now　be　changed　by　argument。　　You　can　as　easily
  argue　the　color　out　of　the　negro's　skin。　　Like　the　bloody　hand；〃
  you　may　wash　it　and　wash　it；　the　red　witness　of　guilt　still
  sticks　and　stares　horribly　at　you。
  Next　he　says　that　Congressional　intervention　never　prevented
  slavery　anywhere；　that　it　did　not　prevent　it　in　the　Northwestern
  Territory；　nor　in　Illinois；　that；　in　fact；　Illinois　came　into　the
  Union　as　a　slave　State；　that　the　principle　of　the　Nebraska　Bill
  expelled　it　from　Illinois；　from　several　old　States；　from
  everywhere。
  Now　this　is　mere　quibbling　all　the　way　through。　　If　the　Ordinance
  of　'87　did　not　keep　slavery　out　of　the　Northwest　Territory；　how
  happens　it　that　the　northwest　shore　of　the　Ohio　River　is　entirely
  free　from　it；　while　the　southeast　shore；　less　than　a　mile
  distant；　along　nearly　the　whole　length　of　the　river；　is　entirely
  covered　with　it？
  If　that　ordinance　did　not　keep　it　out　of　Illinois；　what　was　it
  that　made　the　difference　between　Illinois　and　Missouri？　　They　lie
  side　by　side；　the　Mississippi　River　only　dividing　them；　while
  their　early　settlements　were　within　the　same　latitude。　　Between
  1810　and　1820　the　number　of　slaves　in　Missouri　increased　7211；
  while　in　Illinois　in　the　same　ten　years　they　decreased　51。　　This
  appears　by　the　census　returns。　　During　nearly　all　of　that　ten
  years　both　were　Territories；　not　States。　　During　this　time　the
  ordinance　forbade　slavery　to　go　into　Illinois；　and　nothing
  forbade　it　to　go　into　Missouri。　　It　did　go　into　Missouri；　and　did
  not　go　into　Illinois。　　That　is　the　fact。　　Can　any　one　doubt　as　to
  the　reason　of　it？　　But　he　says　Illinois　came　into　the　Union　as　a
  slave　State。　　Silence；　perhaps；　would　be　the　best　answer　to　this
  flat　contradiction　of　the　known　history　of　the　country。　　What　are
  the　facts　upon　which　this　bold　assertion　is　based？　　When　we　first
  acquired　the　country；　as　far　back　as　1787；　there　were　some　slaves
  within　it　held　by　the　French　inhabitants　of　Kaskaskia。　　The
  territorial　legislation　admitted　a　few　negroes　from　the　slave
  States　as　indentured　servants。　　One　year　after　the　adoption　of
  the　first　State　constitution；　the　whole　number　of　them　waswhat
  do　you　think？　　Just　one　hundred　and　seventeen；　while　the
  aggregate　free　population　was　55；094；about　four　hundred　and
  seventy　to　one。　　Upon　this　state　of　facts　the　people　framed　their
  constitution　prohibiting　the　further　introduction　of　slavery；
  with　a　sort　of　guaranty　to　the　owners　of　the　few　indentured
  servants；　giving　freedom　to　their　children　to　be　born　thereafter；
  and　making　no　mention　whatever　of　any　supposed　slave　for　life。
  Out　of　this　small　matter　the　Judge　manufactures　his　argument　that
  Illinois　came　into　the　Union　as　a　slave　State。　　Let　the　facts　be
  the　answer　to　the　argument。
  The　principles　of　the　Nebraska　Bill；　he　says；　expelled　slavery
  from　Illinois。　　The　principle　of　that　bill　first　planted　it　here…
  …that　is；　it　first　came　because　there　was　no　law　to　prevent　it；
  first　came　before　we　owned　the　country；　and　finding　it　here；　and
  having　the　Ordinance　of　'87　to　prevent　its　increasing；　our　people
  struggled　along；　and　finally　got　rid　of　it　as　best　they　could。
  But　the　principle　of　the　Nebraska　Bill　abolished　slavery　in
  several　of　the　old　States。　　Well；　it　is　true　that　several　of　the
  old　States；　in　the　last　quarter　of　the　last　century；　did　adopt
  systems　of　gradual　emancipation　by　which　the　institution　has
  finally　become　extinct　within　their　limits；　but　it　may　or　may　not
  be　true　that　the　principle　of　the　Nebraska　Bill　was　the　cause
  that　led　to　the　adoption　of　these　measures。　　It