第 1 节
作者:溜溜      更新:2021-02-19 00:32      字数:9322
  The Cavalry General
  The Cavalry General
  By Xenophon
  Translation by H。 G。 Dakyns
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  The Cavalry General
  Xenophon the Athenian was born 431 B。C。 He was a pupil of Socrates。
  He marched with the Spartans; and was exiled from Athens。 Sparta gave
  him  land   and   property  in   Scillus;   where   he   lived   for   many   years   before
  having to move once more; to settle in Corinth。 He died in 354 B。C。
  The Cavalry General is a discourse on the merits a cavalry general; or
  hipparch;      in    Athens     should     have。    Xenophon        also    describes     the
  development of a cavalry force; and some tactical details to be applied in
  the field and in festival exhibition。
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  The Cavalry General
  The Cavalry General
  I
  Your first duty is to offer sacrifice; petitioning the gods to grant you
  such   good   gifts'2'   as   shall   enable   you   in   thought;   word;   and   deed   to
  discharge your office in the manner most acceptable to Heaven; and with
  fullest    increase    to  yourself;    and    friends;   and   to   the  state   at  large   of
  affection;     glory;   and    wide    usefulness。    The    goodwill     of   Heaven'3'      so
  obtained;  you   shall proceed   to   mount   your   troopers;  taking   care   that   the
  full complement which the law demands is reached; and that the normal
  force   of   cavalry   is   not   diminished。   There   will   need   to   be   a   reserve   of
  remounts; or else a deficiency may occur at any moment;'4' looking to the
  fact   that   some   will   certainly   succumb   to   old   age;   and   others;   from   one
  reason or another; prove unserviceable。
  '1'    For   the   title;  etc。;  see   Schneid。     〃Praemon。      de   Xeno。〃     {Ipp}。
  Boeckh; 〃P。 E。 A。〃 251。
  '2'   Or;   〃with   sacrifice   to   ask   of   Heaven   those   gifts   of   thought   and
  speech      and    conduct      whereby      you    will    exercise     your    office    most
  acceptably to the gods themselves; and with 。 。 。〃 Cf。 Plat。                        〃Phaedr。〃
  273 E; 〃Euthr。〃 14 B。
  '3'   The   Greek   phrase   is   warmer;   {theon   d'   ileon   onton};   〃the   gods
  being kindly and propitious。〃 Cf。 Plat。 〃Laws;〃 712 B。
  '4'   Lit。   〃at   any   moment   there   will   be   too   few。〃   See   〃Les   Cavaliers
  Atheniens;〃 par Albert Martin; p。 308。
  But now suppose the complement of cavalry is levied;'5' the duty will
  devolve on you of seeing; in the first place; that your horses are well fed
  and in condition to   stand their work; since  a horse which cannot   endure
  fatigue will clearly be unable to overhaul the foeman or effect escape;'6'
  and in the second place; you will have to see to it the animals are tractable;
  since;   clearly   again;   a   horse   that   will   not   obey   is   only   fighting   for   the
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  The Cavalry General
  enemy and not his friends。 So; again; an animal that kicks when mounted
  must be cast; since brutes of that sort may often do more mischief than the
  foe himself。 Lastly; you must pay attention to the horses' feet; and see that
  they  will   stand   being   ridden   over   rough   ground。 A  horse;  one   knows;   is
  practically useless where he cannot be galloped without suffering。
  '5' Lit。 〃in process of being raised。〃
  '6'  Or;   〃to   press   home   a   charge   a l'outrance;   or   retire   from  the   field
  unscathed。〃
  And now; supposing that your horses are all that they ought to be; like
  pains must be applied to train the men themselves。 The trooper; in the first
  place; must be able to spring on horseback easilya feat to which many a
  man   has   owed   his   life   ere   now。 And   next;   he   must   be   able   to   ride   with
  freedom over every sort of ground; since any description of country may
  become the seat   of war。 When;  presently;  your men   have got firm  seats;
  your aim should be to make as many members of the corps as possible not
  only   skilled   to   hurl   the   javelin   from   horseback   with   precision;   but   to
  perform all other feats expected of the expert horseman。 Next comes the
  need to arm both horse and man in such a manner as to minimise the risk
  of wounds; and yet to increase the force of every blow delivered。'7' This
  attended to; you must contrive to make your men amenable to discipline;
  without   which   neither   good         horses;   nor   a   firm   seat;   nor   splendour    of
  equipment will be of any use at all。
  '7'   Lit。   〃so   that   whilst   least   likely   to   be   wounded   themselves;   they
  may most be able to injure the enemy。〃
  The     general    of   cavalry;'8'    as   patron    of  the   whole     department;      is
  naturally   responsible   for   its   efficient   working。   In   view;   however;   of   the
  task   imposed   upon   that   officer   had   he   to   carry   out   these   various   details
  single…handed;        the   state   has   chosen     to  associate'9'     with    him    certain
  coadjutors in the persons of the phylarchs (or tribal captains);'10' and has
  besides   imposed   upon   the   senate   a   share   in   the   superintendence   of   the
  cavalry。 This being so; two things appear to me desirable; the first is; so to
  work upon the phylarch that he shall share your own enthusiasm for the
  honour   of   the   corps;'11'   and   secondly;   to   have   at   your   disposal   in   the
  senate able orators;'12' whose language may instil a wholesome fear into
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  the knights themselves; and thereby make them all the better men; or tend
  to pacify the senate on occasion and disarm unseasonable anger。
  '8' See 〃Mem。〃 III。 iii。
  '9'  Cf。 Theophr。   xxix。   〃The   Oligarchic   Man〃:   〃When   the   people   are
  deliberating      whom       they    shall   associate     with    the   archon     as   joint
  directors of the procession。〃 (Jebb。)
  '10' Or; 〃squadron…leaders。〃
  '11' 〃Honour and prestige of knighthood。〃
  '12'   〃To   keep   a   staff   of   orators。〃   Cf。   〃Anab。〃   VII。   vi。   41;   〃Cyrop。〃
  I。 vi。 19; 〃Hell。〃 VI。 ii。 39。
  The above may serve as memoranda'13' of the duties which will claim
  your chief attention。 How the details in each case may best be carried out
  is a further matter; which I will now endeavour to explain。
  '13'     〃A     sort   of    notes    and     suggestions;〃       〃mementoes。〃        Cf。
  〃Horsemanship;〃 iii。 1; xii。 14。
  As to the men themselvesthe class from which you make your pick
  of   troopersclearly   according   to   the   law   you   are   bound   to   enrol   〃the
  ablest〃 you can find 〃in point of wealth and bodily physique〃; and 〃if not
  by persuasion; then by prosecution in a court of law。〃'14' And for my part;
  I think; if legal pressure is to be applied; you should apply it in those cases
  where      neglect    to   prosecute     might     fairly   be   ascribed     to   interested
  motives;'15' since if you fail to put compulsion on the greater people first;
  you leave a backdoor of escape at once to those of humbler means。 But
  there    will   be   other   cases;'16'     say;   of  young     men    in   whom      a  real
  enthusiasm for the service may be kindled by recounting to them all the
  brilliant feats of knighthood; while you may disarm the opposition of their
  guardians by dwelling on the fact that; if not you; at any rate some future
  hipparch   will   certainly  compel   them  to   breed   horses;'17'   owing   to   their
  wealth; whereas; if they enter the service'18' during your term of office;
  you   will   undertake   to   deter   their   lads   from  mad   extravagance   in   buying
  horses;'19' and take pains to make good horsemen of them without loss of
  time; and while pleading in this strain; you must endeavour to make your
  practice correspond with what you preach。
  '14'    Lit。  〃by   bringing    them    into   court;  or   by  persuasion;〃     i。e。  by
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  legal if not by moral pressure。 See Martin; op。 cit。 pp。 316; 321                       foll。
  '15' i。e。 〃would cause you to be suspected of acting from motives of
  gain。〃
  '16'   Rea