第 1 节
作者:指点迷津      更新:2021-02-19 00:26      字数:9322
  The Argonautica
  The Argonautica
  Apollonius Rhodius
  (fl。 3rd Century B。C。)
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  The Argonautica
  INTRODUCTION
  Much has been written about the chronology of Alexandrian literature
  and   the   famous   Library;   founded   by  Ptolemy   Soter;   but   the   dates   of   the
  chief    writers    are  still  matters   of   conjecture。    The    birth   of  Apollonius
  Rhodius is placed by scholars at various times between 296 and 260 B。C。;
  while   the   year   of   his   death   is   equally  uncertain。  In   fact;   we   have   very
  little information on the subject。           There are two 〃lives〃 of Apollonius in
  the Scholia; both derived from an earlier one which is lost。 From these we
  learn that he was of Alexandria by birth; (1) that he lived in the time of the
  Ptolemies;   and   was   a   pupil   of   Callimachus;   that   while   still   a   youth   he
  composed and recited in public his 〃Argonautica〃; and that the poem was
  condemned; in consequence of which he retired to Rhodes; that there he
  revised his poem; recited it with great applause; and hence called himself a
  Rhodian。       The     second     〃life〃   adds:    〃Some     say   that   he   returned    to
  Alexandria and again recited his poem with the utmost success; so that he
  was   honoured   with   the   libraries   of   the   Museum   and   was   buried         with
  Callimachus。〃         The   last   sentence   may   be   interpreted   by   the   notice   of
  Suidas;      who     informs     us   that   Apollonius      was     a   contemporary       of
  Eratosthenes; Euphorion and Timarchus; in the time of Ptolemy Euergetes;
  and   that   he   succeeded   Eratosthenes   in   the   headship   of   the   Alexandrian
  Library。     Suidas also informs us elsewhere that Aristophanes at the age of
  sixty…two   succeeded   Apollonius   in   this   office。        Many   modern   scholars
  deny   the   〃bibliothecariate〃   of Apollonius   for   chronological   reasons;   and
  there is considerable difficulty about it。           The date of Callimachus' 〃Hymn
  to Apollo〃; which closes with some lines (105…113) that are admittedly an
  allusion to Apollonius;  may  be put   with   much   probability at   248   or 247
  B。C。   Apollonius   must   at   that   date   have   been   at   least   twenty   years   old。
  Eratosthenes   died   196…193   B。C。         This   would   make Apollonius   seventy…
  two     to  seventy…five      when    he   succeeded      Eratosthenes。       This     is  not
  impossible; it is true; but it is difficult。        But the difficulty is taken away if
  we assume with Ritschl that Eratosthenes resigned his office some years
  before his death; which allows us to put the birth of Apollonius at about
  280;   and   would   solve   other   difficulties。     For   instance;   if   the   Librarians
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  The Argonautica
  were     buried   within    the  precincts;    it  would    account    for  the   burial   of
  Apollonius next to CallimachusEratosthenes being still alive。                  However
  that   may   be;   it   is   rather   arbitrary   to   take   away   the   〃bibliothecariate〃   of
  Apollonius;       which     is   clearly   asserted     by   Suidas;     on    account     of
  chronological calculations which are themselves uncertain。                   Moreover; it
  is more probable that the words following 〃some say〃 in the second 〃life〃
  are a remnant of the original life than a conjectural addition; because the
  first   〃life〃   is   evidently   incomplete;   nothing   being   said   about   the   end   of
  Apollonius' career。
  The principal event in his life; so far as we know; was the quarrel with
  his   master    Callimachus;      which     was   most    probably     the   cause   of   his
  condemnation at Alexandria and departure to Rhodes。 This quarrel appears
  to have arisen from differences of literary aims and taste; but; as literary
  differences often do; degenerated into the bitterest personal strife。                There
  are references to the quarrel in the writings of both。              Callimachus attacks
  Apollonius   in   the   passage   at   the   end   of   the   〃Hymn   to Apollo〃;   already
  mentioned; also probably in some epigrams; but most of all in his 〃Ibis〃;
  of which we have an imitation; or perhaps nearly a translation; in Ovid's
  poem of the same name。            On the part of Apollonius there is a passage in
  the third book of the 〃Argonautica〃 (11。 927…947) which is of a polemical
  nature    and    stands   out   from    the  context;    and   the  well…known       savage
  epigram      upon     Callimachus。      (2)     Various     combinations       have     been
  attempted by scholars; notably by Couat; in his 〃Poesie Alexandrine〃; to
  give a connected account of the quarrel; but we have not data sufficient to
  determine the order of the attacks; and replies; and counter…attacks。                   The
  〃Ibis〃 has been thought to mark the termination of the feud on the curious
  ground that it was impossible for abuse to go further。               It was an age when
  literary men were more inclined to comment on writings of the past than
  to produce original work。         Literature was engaged in taking stock of itself。
  Homer was; of course; professedly admired by all; but more admired than
  imitated。     Epic poetry was out of fashion and we find many epigrams of
  this periodsome by Callimachusdirected against the 〃cyclic〃 poets; by
  whom      were    meant    at  that   time   those   who    were    always    dragging     in
  conventional       and   commonplace        epithets   and   phrases    peculiar    to  epic
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  The Argonautica
  poetry。     Callimachus was in accordance with the spirit of the age when he
  proclaimed   〃a   great   book〃   to   be   〃a   great   evil〃;   and   sought   to   confine
  poetical   activity   within   the   narrowest   limits   both   of   subject   and   space。
  Theocritus   agreed   with   him;   both   in   principle   and   practice。       The   chief
  characteristics      of   Alexandrianism        are   well   summarized        by   Professor
  Robinson   Ellis   as   follows:   〃Precision   in   form   and   metre;   refinement   in
  diction;    a   learning    often   degenerating      into   pedantry     and   obscurity;     a
  resolute   avoidance   of   everything   commonplace   in   subject;   sentiment   or
  allusion。〃      These      traits  are   more    prominent      in  Callimachus       than   in
  Apollonius; but they are certainly to be seen in the latter。                   He seems to
  have written the 〃Argonautica〃 out of bravado; to show that he could write
  an epic poem。        But the influence of the age was too strong。                 Instead of
  the unity of an Epic we have merely a series of episodes; and it is the great
  beauty     and    power    of   one   of  these    episodes    that   gives   the   poem     its
  permanent       valuethe     episode    of   the  love   of   Jason    and   Medea。     This
  occupies the greater part of the third book。                The first and second books
  are taken   up   with the  history  of   the voyage  to   Colchis;  while  the  fourth
  book   describes   the   return   voyage。       These   portions   constitute   a   metrical
  guide book; filled no doubt with many pleasing episodes; such as the rape
  of Hylas; the boxing match between Pollux and Amyeus; the account of
  Cyzicus; the account of the Amazons; the legend of Talos; but there is no
  unity running through the poem beyond that of the voyage itself。
  The   Tale   of   the   Argonauts   had   been   told   often   before   in   verse   and
  prose; and many authors' names are given in the Scholia to Apollonius; but
  their works have perished。           The best known earlier account that we have
  is   that   in   Pindar's   fourth   Pythian   ode;   from   which Apollonius   has   taken
  many details。       The subject was one for an epic poem; for its unity might
  have been found in the working out of the expiation due for the crime of
  Athamas; but this motive is barely mentioned by our author。
  As we have it; the motive of the voyage is the command of Pelias to
  bring back the golden fleece; and this command is based on Pelias' desire
  to   destroy   Jason;   while   the   divine   aid   given   to   Jason   results   from   the
  intention of Hera to punish Pelias for his neglect of the honour due to her。
  The     learning    of  Apollonius      is  not  deep    but  it  is  curio