crity　and　punctuality；　at　their　peril。〃
  No　man　is　willing　for　the　operation；　most　men　shudder　at　it；　but　who　can　help　them？　Surely　it　was　an　unblessed　operation。　Poor　souls；　one　pities　them；　for　at　heart　they　were；　and　continued；　loyal　to　their　own　King；　thoroughly　abhorrent　of　becoming　Russian；　as　Czarish　Majesty　has　thoroughly　resolved　they　shall。　Some　few　absconded；　leaving　their　property　as　spoil；　the　rest　swore；　with　mental　reservation；　with　shifts；　such　as　they　could　devise：for　example；　some　were　observed　to　swear　with　gloves　on；　the　right　hand；　which　they　held　up；　was　a　mere　right　FIST　with　a　stuffed　glove　at　the　end　of　it；SO　help　me　Beelzebub　（or　whoever　is　the　recording　Angel　here）！　＇　Helden…Geschichte；　　v。　141…149：　Preuss；　ii。　145；　iii。　578；　iv。　477；　&c。＇　And　thus　does　Preussen；　with　astonishment；　as　by　the　spell　of　a　Czarina　Circe；　find　itself　changed　suddenly　to　Russian：　and　does　not　recover　the　old　human　form　till　four　years　hence；when；　again　suddenly；　as　we　shall　see；　the　Circe　and　her　wand　chance　to　get　broken。
  Friedrich　could　not　mend　or　prevent　this　bad　Business；　but　was　so　disgusted　with　it；　he　never　set　foot　in　East　Preussen　again；never　could　bear　to　behold　it；　after　such　a　transformation　into　temporary　Russian　shape。　I　cannot　say　he　abhorred　this　constrained　Oath　as　I　should　have　done：　on　the　contrary；　in　the　first　spurt　of　indignation；　he　not　only　protested　aloud；　but　made　reprisals；　〃Swear　ME　those　Saxons；　then！〃　said　he；　and　some　poor　magistrates　of　towns；　and　official　people；　had　to　make　a　figure　of　swearing　（if　not　allegiance　altogether；　allegiance　for　the　time　being）；　in　the　same　sad　fashion；　till　one's　humor　cooled　again。　＇Preuss；　ii。　163：　Oath　given　in　　Helden…Geschichte；　　v。　631。＇　East　Preussen；　lost　in　this　way；　held　by　its　King　as　before；　or　more　passionately　now　than　ever；　still　loved　Friedrich；　say　the　Books；　but　it　is　Russia's　for　the　present；　and　the　mischief　is　done。　East　Preussen　itself；　Circe　Czarina　cherishing　it　as　her　own；　had　a　much　peaceabler　time：　in　secret　it　even　sent　moneys；　recruits；　numerous　young　volunteers　to　Friedrich；　much　more；　hopes　and　prayers。　But　his　disgust　with　the　late　transformation　by　enchantment　was　inexpiable。
  It　was　May　or　June；　as　had　been　anticipated；　before　the　Russian　main　Army　made　its　practical　appearance　in　those　parts。　Fermor　had；　in　the　interim；　seized　Thorn；　seized　Elbing　（〃No　offence；　magnanimous　Polacks；　it　is　only　for　a　time！〃）；and　would　fain　have　had　Dantzig　too；　but　Dantzig　would　n't。　Not　till　June　16th　did　the　unwieldy　mass　（on　paper　104；000；　and　in　effect；　and　exclusive　of　Cossack　rabble；　about　75；000）　get　on　way；　and　begin　slowly　staggering　westward。　Very　slowly；　and　amid　incendiary　fire　and　horrid　cruelty；　as　heretofore；and　in　August　coming　we　shall　be　sure　to　hear　of　it。
  Lehwald　was　just　finishing　with　the　Swedes；had　got　them　all　bottled　up　in　Stralsund　again；　about　New…Year's　time；　when　these　Russians　crossed　into　Preussen。　We　said　nothing　of　the　Swedish　so…called　Campaign　of　last　Year；and　indeed　are　bound　to　be　nearly　silent　of　that　and　of　all　the　others。　Five　Campaigns　of　them；　or　at　least　Four　and　a　half；　such　Campaigns　as　were　never　made　before　or　since。　Of　Campaign　1757；　the　memorable　feature　is；　that　of　the　whole　〃Swedish　Division；〃　as　the　laughing　Newspapers　called　it；　which　was　〃put　to　flight　by　five　Berlin　Postilions；〃substantially　a　truth；　as　follows：
  〃Night　of　September　12th…13th；　1757；　the　Swedes；　22；000　strong；　did　at　last　begin　business；　crossed　Peene　River；　the　boundary　between　their　Pommern　and　ours；　and；　having　nothing　but　some　fractions　of　Militia　to　oppose　them；　soon　captured　the　Redoubts　there；　spread　over　Prussian　Pommern；　and　on　into　the　Uckermark；　diligently　raising　contributions；　to　a　heavy　amount。　No　less　than　90；000　pounds　in　all　for　this　poor　Province；　though；　by　a　strange　accident；　60；000　pounds　proved　to　be　the　actual　sum。
  〃Towards　the　end　of　October　they　had　got　as　much　as　60；000　pounds　from　the　northern　parts　of　Uckermark；　Prentzlow　being　their　head…　quarter　during　that　operation；　and　they　now　sent　out　a　Detachment　of　200　grenadiers　and　100　dragoons　towards　Zehdenick；　another　little　Town；　some　forty　miles　farther　south；　there　to　wring　out　the　remaining　sum。　The　Detachment　marched　by　night；　not　courting　notice；　but　people　had　heard　of　its　coming；　and　five　Prussian　Postilions；shifty　fellows；　old　hussars　it　may　be；　at　any　rate　skilful　on　the　trumpet；　and　furnished　with　hussar　jackets　and　an　old　pistol　each；　determined　to　do　something　for　their　Country。　The　Swedish　Detachment　had　not　marched　many　miles；　when；after　or　before　some　flourishes　of　martial　trumpeting；there　verily　fell　on　the　Swedish　flank；　out　of　a　clump　of　dark　wood；　five　shots；　and　wounded　one　man。　To　the　astonishment　and　panic　of　the　other　two　hundred　and　ninety…nine；　who　made　instant　retreat；　under　new　shots　and　trumpet…tones；　as　if　it　were　from　five　whole　hussar　regiments；　retreat　double…quick；　to　Prentzlow；　alarm　waxing　by　the　speed；　alarm　spreading　at　Prentzlow　itself：　so　that　the　whole　Division　got　to　its　feet；　recrossed　the　Peene；　and　Uckermark　had　nothing　more　to　pay；　for　that　bout！　This　is　not　a　fable；　such　as　go　in　the　Newspapers；〃　adds　my　Authority；　〃but　an　accurate　fact：〃　＇　Helden…Geschichte；　　iv。　764；　807；　Archenholtz；　i。　160。＇probably；　in　our　day；　the　alone　memorable　one　of　that　〃Swedish　War。〃
  〃The　French；〃　says　another　of　my　Notes；　〃who　did　the　subsidying　all　round　（who　paid　even　the　Russian　Subsidy；　though　in　Austria's　name）；　had　always　an　idea　that　the　Swedes22；000　stout　men；　this　year；　4；000　of　them　cavalrymight　be　made　to　co…operate　with　the　Russians；　with　them　or　with　somebody；　and　do　something　effective　in　the　way　of　destroying　Friedrich。　And　besides　their　subsidies　and　bribings；　the　French　took　incredible　pains　with　this　view；　incessantly　contriving；　correspondencing；　and　running　to　and　fro　between　the　parties：　＇For　example：　M。　le　Marquis　de　Montalembert；　CORRESPONDANCE　AVEC　&c。；　ETANT　EMPLOYE　PAR　LE　ROI　DE　FRANCE　A　L'ARMEE　SUEDOISE；　1757…1761　（〃with　the　Swedish　Army；〃　yes；　and　sometimes　with　the　Russian；and　sometimes　on　the　French　Coasts；　ardently　fortifying　against　Pitt　and　his　Descents　there：a　very　intelligent；　industrious；　observant　man；　still　amusing　to　read；　if　one　were　idler）；　A　LONDRES　（evidently　Paris）；　1777；　3　vols。　small　8vo。　Then；　likewise　very　intelligent；　there　is　a　Montazet；　a　Mortaigne；　a　Caulaiucourt；　a　CAMPAGNE　DES　RUSSES　EN　1757；　&c。　&c。；　in　short；　a　great　deal　of　fine　faculty　employed　there　in　spinning　ropes　from　sand。＇　but　had　not；　even　from　the　Russians　and　Czarish　Majesty；　much　of　a　result；　and　from　the　Swedes　had　absolutely　none　at　all。　By　French　industry　and　flagitation；　the　Swedish　Army　was　generally　kept　up　to　about　20；000：　the　soldiers　were　expert　with　their　fighting…tools；　knew　their　field…exercise　well；　had　fine　artillery；　and　were　stout　hardy　fellows：　but　the　guidance　of　them　was　wonderful。　'They　had　no　field…commissariat；'　says　one　Observer；　'no　field…bakery；　no　magazines；　no　pontoons；　no　light　troops；　and；'　among　the　Higher　Officers；　'no　subordination。'　＇Archenholtz；　i。　158。＇　Were；　in　short；　commanded　by　nobody　in　particular。　Commanded　by　Senator　Committee…men　in　Stockholm；　and；　on　the　field；　by　Generals　anxious　to　avoid　responsibility；　who；　instead　of　acting；　held　continual　Councils　of　War。　The　history　of　their　Campaigns；　year　after　year；　is；　in　summary；　this：
  〃Late　in　the　season　（always　late；　War…Offices　at　home；　and　Captaincies　here；　being　in　such　a　state）；　they　emerged　from　Stralsund；　an　impregnable　place　of　their　own；where　the　men；　I　observe；　have　had　to　live　on　dried　fishy　substances；　instead　of　natural　boiled　oatmeal；　＇Montalembert；　i。　32…37；　335。　394；　&c。　（that　of　the　demand　for　Neise　PORRIDGE；　which　interested　me；　I　cannot　find　again）。＇　and　have　died　extensively　in　consequence：　they　march　from　Stralsund；　a　forty　or　thirty　miles；　till　they　reach　the　Swedish…Pommern　boundary；　Peene　River；　a　muddy　sullen　stream；　flowing　through　quagmire　meadows；　which　are　miles　broad；　on　each　shore。　River　unfordable　everywhere；　only　to　be　crossed　in　four　or　five　places；　where　paved　causeways　are。　The　Swedes；　with　deliberation；　cross　Peene；　after　some　time；　capture　the　bits　of　Redoubts；　and　the　one　or　two　poor　Prussian　Towns　upon　it；　Anklam　Redoubt；　PEENE…MUNDE　（Peene…mouth）　Redoubt；　and　rove　forward　into　Prussian　Pommern；　or　over　into　the　Uckermark；　for　fifty；　for　a　hundred　miles；　exacting　contributions；　foraging　what　they　can；　making　the　poor　country…people　very　miserable；　and　themselves　not　happy；their　soldiers　'growing　yearly　more　plunderous；'　says　Archenholtz；　'till　at　length　they　got；　though　much　shyer　of　murder；　to　resemble　Cossacks；'　in　regard　to　other　pleas　of　the　crown。
  〃There　is　generally　some　fractional　regiment　or　two　of　Prussian　force；　left　under　some　select　General　Manteuffel；　Colonel　Belling；　who　hangs　diligently　on　the　skirts　of　them；　exploding　by　all　opportunities。　There　have　been　Country　Militias　voluntarily　got　on　foot；　for　the　occasion；　five　or　six　small　regiments　of　them；　officered　by　Prussian　Veterans　of　the　Squirearchy　in　those　parts；　who　do　excellent　service。　The　Governor　of　Stettin；　Bevern；　our　old　Silesian　fri