第 11 节
作者:老山文学      更新:2024-01-16 22:40      字数:8644
  you have nothing to reproach me with。 My comfort is; you are as
  much a sceptic as I am。
  。 There; Hylas; I must beg leave to differ from you。
  。 What! Have you all along agreed to the premises; and
  do you now deny the conclusion; and leave me to maintain those
  paradoxes by myself which you led me into? This surely is not
  fair。
  。  deny that I agreed with you in those notions
  that led to Scepticism。 You indeed said the  of sensible
  things consisted in ; or distinct from their being perceived。 And pursuant to
  this notion of reality;  are obliged to deny sensible things
  any {212} real existence: that is; according to your own
  definition; you profess yourself a sceptic。 But I neither said
  nor thought the reality of sensible things was to be defined
  after that manner。 To me it is evident for the reasons you allow
  of; that sensible things cannot exist otherwise than in a mind or
  spirit。 Whence I conclude; not that they have no real existence;
  but that。; seeing they depend not on my thought; and have all
  existence distinct from being perceived by me; 。 As sure; therefore; as the
  sensible world really exists; so sure is there an infinite
  omnipresent Spirit who contains and supports it。
  。 What! This is no more than I and all Christians hold;
  nay; and all others too who believe there is a God; and that He
  knows and comprehends all things。
  。 Aye; but here lies the difference。 Men commonly
  believe that all things are known or perceived by God; because
  they believe the being of a God; whereas I; on the other side;
  immediately and necessarily conclude the being of a God; because
  all sensible things must be perceived by Him。
  。 But; so long as we all believe the same thing; what
  matter is it how we come by that belief?
  。 But neither do we agree in the same opinion。 For
  philosophers; though they acknowledge all corporeal beings to be
  perceived by God; yet they attribute to them an absolute
  subsistence distinct from their being perceived by any mind
  whatever; which I do not。 Besides; is there no difference between
  saying; ; ;
  and saying; ; ; ; : ? This
  furnishes you with a direct and immediate demonstration; from a
  most evident principle; of the 。 Divines and
  philosophers had proved beyond all controversy; from the beauty
  and usefulness of the several parts of the creation; that it was
  the workmanship of God。 But that  setting aside all help of
  astronomy and natural philosophy; all contemplation of the
  contrivance; order; and adjustment of things  an infinite Mind
  should be necessarily inferred from the bare ; is an advantage to them only who have made this
  easy reflexion: that the sensible world is that which we perceive
  by our several senses; and that nothing is perceived by the
  senses beside ideas; and that no {213} idea or archetype of an
  idea can exist otherwise than in a mind。 You may now; without any
  laborious search into the sciences; without any subtlety of
  reason; or tedious length of discourse; oppose and baffle the
  most strenuous advocate for Atheism。 Those miserable refuges;
  whether in an eternal succession of unthinking causes and
  effects; or in a fortuitous concourse of atoms; those wild
  imaginations of Vanini; Hobbes; and Spinoza: in a word; the whole
  system of Atheism; is it not entirely overthrown; by this single
  reflexion on the repugnancy included in supposing the whole; or
  any part; even the most rude and shapeless; of the visible world;
  to exist without a mind? Let any one of those abettors of impiety
  but look into his own thoughts; and there try if he can conceive
  how so much as a rock; a desert; a chaos; or confused jumble of
  atoms; how anything at all; either sensible or imaginable; can
  exist independent of a Mind; and he need go no farther to be
  convinced of his folly。 Can anything be fairer than to put a
  dispute on such an issue; and leave it to a man himself to see if
  he can conceive; even in thought; what he holds to be true in
  fact; and from a notional to allow it a real existence?
  。 It cannot be denied there is something highly
  serviceable to religion in what you advance。 But do you not think
  it looks very like a notion entertained by some eminent moderns;
  of ?
  。 I would gladly know that opinion: pray explain it to
  me。
  。 They conceive that the soul; being immaterial; is
  incapable of being united with material things; so as to perceive
  them in themselves; but that she perceives them by her union with
  the substance of God; which; being spiritual; is therefore purely
  intelligible; or capable of being the immediate object of a
  spirit's thought。 Besides the Divine essence contains in it
  perfections correspondent to each created being; and which are;
  for that reason; proper to exhibit or represent them to the mind。
  。 I do not understand how our ideas; which are things
  altogether passive and inert; can be the essence; or any part (or
  like any part) of the essence or substance of God; who is an
  {214} impassive; indivisible; pure; active being。 Many more
  difficulties and objections there are which occur at first view
  against this hypothesis; but I shall only add that it is liable
  to all the absurdities of the common hypothesis; in making a
  created world exist otherwise than in the mind of a Spirit。
  Besides all which it hath this peculiar to itself; that it makes
  that material world serve to no purpose。 And; if it pass for a
  good argument against other hypotheses in the sciences; that they
  suppose Nature; or the Divine wisdom; to make something in vain;
  or do that by tedious roundabout methods which might have been
  performed in a much more easy and compendious way; what shall we
  think of that hypothesis which supposes the whole world made in
  vain?
  。 But what say you? Are not you too of opinion that we
  see all things in God? If I mistake not; what you advance comes
  near it。
  。 'Few men think; yet all have opinions。 Hence men's
  opinions are superficial and confused。 It is nothing strange that
  tenets which in themselves are ever so different; should
  nevertheless be confounded with each other; by those who do not
  consider them attentively。 I shall not therefore be surprised if
  some men imagine that I run into the enthusiasm of Malebranche;
  though in truth I am very remote from it。 He builds on the most
  abstract general ideas; which I entirely disclaim。 He asserts an
  absolute external world; which I deny。 He maintains that we are
  deceived by our senses; and; know not the real natures or the
  true forms and figures of extended beings; of all which I hold
  the direct contrary。 So that upon the whole there are no
  Principles more fundamentally opposite than his and mine。 It must
  be owned that''5' I entirely agree with what the holy Scripture
  saith; 〃That in God we live and move and have our being。〃 But
  that we see things in His essence; after the manner above set
  forth; I am far from believing。 Take here in brief my meaning:
  It is evident that the things I perceive are my own ideas; and
  that no idea can exist unless it be in a mind: nor is it less
  plain that these ideas or things by me perceived; either
  themselves or their archetypes; exist independently of my mind;
  since I know myself not to be their author; it being out of my
  power to determine at pleasure what particular ideas I shall be
  affected with upon opening my eyes or ears: they must therefore
  exist in some other Mind; whose {215} Will it is they should be
  exhibited to me。 The things; I say; immediately perceived are
  ideas or sensations; call them which you will。 But how can any
  idea or sensation exist in; or be produced by; anything but a
  mind or spirit? This indeed is inconceivable。 And to assert that
  which is inconceivable is to talk nonsense: is it not?
  。 Without doubt。
  。 But; on the other hand; it is very conceivable that
  they should exist in and be produced by a spirit; since this is
  no more than I daily experience in myself; inasmuch as I perceive
  numberless ideas; and; by an act of my will; can form a great
  variety of them; and raise them up in my imagination: though; it
  must be confessed; these creatures of the fancy are not
  altogether so distinct; so strong; vivid; and permanent; as those
  perceived by my senses  which latter are called 。
  From all which I conclude; 。
  ; from the variety; order; and manner of these; I conclude
  ; ; ; 。  it well; I do not say; I see things by
  perceiving that which represents them in the intelligible
  Substance of God。 This I do not understand;